 | | First Aid | First Aid
Overview
This First Aid module provides structured, practical learning that is directly relevant to professional practice. It equips participants with essential knowledge and decision-making skills needed to respond appropriately in emergency situations, while reinforcing patient safety, ethical care, and timely referral.
The module covers key first aid principles such as preservation of life, prevention of deterioration, promotion of recovery, scene safety, infection prevention, and consent, as well as core emergency responses including basic life support, AED awareness, and management of medical and trauma incidents.
Author Sharespike Knowledge Studio
| 3 | | R565.00 |  |
| | Immunoglobulin A Deficiency | Immunoglobulin A Deficiency
Immunoglobulin A Deficiency
Overview
Selective immunoglobulin A deficiency (SIgAD) is the most common primary antibody deficiency, defined by serum IgA < 7 mg/dL with normal IgG and IgM. It may be asymptomatic or cause recurrent respiratory and gastrointestinal infections, allergy, autoimmune disease, and coeliac disease. Some patients develop anti-IgA antibodies, increasing the risk of severe transfusion reactions.
Diagnosis is based on serum immunoglobulin testing, with imaging if chronic lung or sinus disease is suspected. Management focuses on prompt treatment of infections, vaccination, and use of washed or IgA-poor blood products when transfusion is needed. Immunoglobulin therapy may help selected patients. | 3 | | R535.00 | |
| | Alcoholic Ketoacidosis | Alcoholic Ketoacidosis
Overview
This clinical reference article reviews alcoholic ketoacidosis (AKA), a syndrome first described by Dillon and colleagues in 1940 and characterised by a high-anion-gap metabolic acidosis, elevated serum ketones, and a normal or low blood glucose. It typically affects chronic drinkers after a binge followed by vomiting, abdominal pain and reduced food intake, though it can occur in less-experienced drinkers.
The article explains the pathophysiology, starvation, an elevated NADH/NAD+ ratio from ethanol metabolism, and volume depletion and the predominance of beta-hydroxybutyrate, which standard nitroprusside assays may miss. It outlines diagnosis through arterial blood gas and serum chemistry, the distinction from diabetic ketoacidosis, and management with dextrose, saline and thiamine before glucose, plus electrolyte repletion. With prompt treatment the prognosis is good. The content is relevant across several medical disciplines.
| 3 | | R500.00 | |
| | Atrial Fibrillation | Atrial Fibrillation
Overview
This clinical reference outlines atrial fibrillation (AF), a common arrhythmia linked to heart failure, coronary and valvular disease, diabetes, and hypertension. It covers AF classification, current staging frameworks, key risks including stroke and death, use of CHA2DS2-VASc for anticoagulation, and management through rate or rhythm control, anticoagulation, and selected catheter ablation. The content is relevant to cardiovascular and acute-care practice.
| 3 | | R500.00 | |
| | Exercise-Induced Anaphylaxis | Exercise-Induced Anaphylaxis
Exercise-Induced Anaphylaxis
Overview
This article reviews exercise-induced anaphylaxis (EIA), a rare but potentially life-threatening reaction in which physical activity provokes anaphylaxis. Symptoms range from pruritus, urticaria, flushing and gastrointestinal upset to angioedema, laryngeal oedema, hypotension and cardiovascular collapse, typically easing once exercise stops. It describes the four classic attack phases and the distinct food-dependent subtype (FDEIA), in which anaphylaxis occurs only when exercise follows ingestion of culprit foods such as wheat, shellfish or peanuts, often alongside cofactors like NSAIDs, alcohol or temperature extremes.
The article covers epidemiology, mast-cell-mediated pathophysiology, diagnosis through clinical history supported by serum tryptase and specific IgE, differential diagnoses, and management centred on trigger avoidance, prompt intramuscular epinephrine and patient education. The content is relevant across several medical disciplines.
| 3 | | R525.00 | |
| | Altitude Illness – Cerebral Syndromes | Altitude Illness – Cerebral Syndromes
Altitude Illness – Cerebral Syndromes
Overview
This article reviews altitude illness the group of hypoxia-driven syndromes that includes acute mountain sickness (AMS), high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE) and high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE). It explains the physiology of acclimatization, the hypoxic ventilatory response, and the cerebral and circulatory changes that accompany ascent above 2500 m.
AMS diagnosis using the Lake Louise criteria, the warning signs of HACE (ataxia and altered mental status), and key differential diagnoses are detailed. Management centres on the golden rules of descent, acetazolamide and dexamethasone, oxygen, and portable hyperbaric chambers, while prevention covers staged ascent and chemoprophylaxis, integrating the 2024 Wilderness Medical Society guidelines. The content is relevant across several emergency, wilderness and primary-care disciplines.
| 3 | | R525.00 | |
| | Incidence and risk factors for delayed intracranial hemorrhage after mild brain injury in anticoagulated patients: a multicenter retrospective study | Incidence and risk factors for delayed intracranial hemorrhage after mild brain injury in anticoagulated patients: a multicenter retrospective study
Incidence and risk factors for delayed intracranial hemorrhage after mild brain injury in anticoagulated patients: a multicenter retrospective study
Overview
Anticoagulated patients with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and a negative cerebral CT on admission, commonly undergo a repeated CT scan after observation in the emergency department (ED) to detect delayed intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). However, the utility of this practice is controversial, with recent evidence suggesting that the risk of delayed ICH in these patients is low. This study aims to evaluate incidence, outcomes, and risk factors of delayed ICH in patients receiving direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) or vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) presenting to the ED with mTBI.
In conclusion delayed ICH is uncommon among anticoagulated patients with mTBI and has minimal impact on their outcome. Routine performance of a second CT scan may be unnecessary and may be considered only in presence of high-risk clinical risk factors or signs of deterioration.
Journal
Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine Volume 33 Issue 1
| 3 | | R485.00 | |
| | Significant room for improvement in the prehospital assessment and treatment of acute abdominal pain: a retrospective observational study | Significant room for improvement in the prehospital assessment and treatment of acute abdominal pain: a retrospective observational study
Significant room for improvement in the prehospital assessment and treatment of acute abdominal pain: a retrospective observational study
Overview
Acute abdominal pain (AAP) frequently prompts calls to emergency medical services (EMS), yet effective prehospital pain management remains under-studied and insufficient. Concerns about providing analgesia before diagnosis continue to affect care.
Most patients with AAP do not receive adequate pain assessment or treatment before hospital arrival, with nine out of ten leaving EMS care still in pain. However, when pain is properly assessed, treated, and reassessed, most experience substantial relief, showing that improved prehospital pain management is possible.
Journal
Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine Volume 33 Issue 1
Citation
Bjerén, R., Magnusson, C., Herlitz, J. et al. Significant room for improvement in the prehospital assessment and treatment of acute abdominal pain: a retrospective observational study. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 33, 12 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13049-025-01328-z | 3 | | R495.00 | |
| | Healthcare provision for medical tourism: A comparative review | Healthcare provision for medical tourism: A comparative review
Healthcare provision for medical tourism: A comparative review
Overview Providing health care is the core and main element of the health system, which improves patients’ health and well being. Quality in the health system is defined as providing safe, timely, effective, efficient, fair, and patient centered care. The five dimensions of service quality include tangible dimensions (conditions and atmosphere of the service delivery environment, including facilities, equipment, employees, and communication channels), reliability dimension (ability to perform the service reliably), responsiveness dimension (willingness to cooperate and help the customer), assurance dimension (competence and ability of employees to instil a sense of trust and confidence in the customer), and empathy dimension (special treatment with each customer according to their mood, so that the customers are satisfied with the respect and understanding on the part of the organization). Considering the problems of the process in providing welfare services for medical tourists, the license and activities of medical tourism companies should be facilitated so that the mentioned companies can provide welfare and non medical services to patients along with hospitals.
Journal
Journal of Education and Health Promotion Volume 13 Issue 1
| 3 | | R475.00 | |
| | H1N1 Influenza (Swine Flu) | H1N1 Influenza (Swine Flu)
H1N1 Influenza (Swine Flu)
Overview
H1N1 influenza, referred to as swine flu, is a highly contagious respiratory disease in pigs caused by one of several swine influenza A viruses, as recently reviewed. Transmission of swine influenza viruses to humans is uncommon.
Swine influenza is a highly contagious respiratory disease in pigs caused by one of several swine influenza A viruses, as recently reviewed. In addition, influenza C viruses may also cause illness in swine. Strategies to control swine influenza virus (SIV) in animals typically include one of several commercially available bivalent swine influenza virus vaccines. Once a human becomes infected, he or she then can spread the virus to other humans.
| 3 | | R485.00 | |
| | HIV and Aids Part 2 | HIV and Aids Part 2
Overview
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a virus transmitted through sexual contact, shared needles, and from mother to child during childbirth or breastfeeding. It belongs to the Retroviridae family. All patients who are diagnosed with HIV should be initiated on ART as soon as possible.
HIV can also lead to complications like dementia and chronic diarrhea with weight loss (HIV wasting syndrome).
Exceptions to this include patients presenting with cryptococcal meningitis (CM) or central nervous system tuberculosis (tuberculous meningitis (TBM) or tuberculoma).
| 3 | | R485.00 | |
| | HIV and Aids Part 1 | HIV and Aids Part 1
Overview
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a virus transmitted through sexual contact, shared needles, and from mother to child during childbirth or breastfeeding. It belongs to the Retroviridae family. Symptoms vary depending on the stage of infection and these include: - Acute stage, which resembles the flu, with fever, malaise, and a generalized rash;
- Asymptomatic stage which generally, has no symptoms.
- Lymphadenopathy, which presents with swelling of lymph nodes, which can be a primary symptom.
- AIDs, which is the advanced stage marked by severe infections or cancers.
HIV can also lead to complications like dementia and chronic diarrhea with weight loss (HIV wasting syndrome).
Sharespike Knowledge Studio | 3 | | R485.00 | |
| | Ebola Virus Infection | Ebola Virus Infection
Overview
Ebola virus is one of at least 30 known viruses capable of causing viral hemorrhagic fever syndrome. The genus Ebolavirus currently is classified into 5 separate species: Sudan ebolavirus, Zaire ebolavirus, Tai Forest (Ivory Coast) ebolavirus, Reston ebolavirus, and Bundibugyo ebolavirus. The outbreak of Ebola virus disease in West Africa from 2014 to 2016, involving Zaire ebolavirus, was the largest outbreak of Ebola virus disease in history.
As of September 17, 2019, an active outbreak of Ebola virus disease in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) had resulted in 3,034 confirmed and 111 probable cases of Ebola virus disease, including 2,103 attributable deaths. An experimental vaccine has been credited with limiting the outbreak’s scope.
| 3 | | R500.00 | |
| | Inherited Thrombophilia and Risk of Thrombosis in Children with Cancer: A Single-center Experience | Inherited Thrombophilia and Risk of Thrombosis in Children with Cancer: A Single-center Experience
Inherited Thrombophilia and Risk of Thrombosis in Children with Cancer: A Single-center Experience
Overview Thrombosis is an increasingly recognized complication of childhood malignancy and its treatment. The incidence and etiology of pediatric cancer-related thrombosis is still not well understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of common prothrombotic genetic conditions in children with cancer, the frequency of thrombosis, and the role of inherited thrombophilia in the development of thrombosis in a pediatric oncology population.
Forty-seven children (36 treated for haematological malignancies and 11 for solid tumours) with a median age of 8.8. years (range 0.4 – 19.3 years) were included in the study. Genetic polymorphisms of Factor V Leiden (G1691A), prothrombin G20210A, and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction-based DNA analysis.
It was concluded that thrombosis is an important complication of childhood cancer. The risk of thrombosis may be increased in patients with Factor V Leiden. In the absence of consensus guidelines, our results support the recommendation for thrombophilia screening in children with cancer.
Journal
Acta Medica Academica | 3 | | R485.00 | |
| | Enterobacter Infection | Enterobacter Infection
Overview
Enterobacter infections can include bacteremia, lower respiratory tract infections, skin and soft tissue infections, urinary tract infections (UTIs), endocarditis, intra-abdominal infections, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, CNS infections, and ophthalmic infections. Enterobacter infections can necessitate prolonged hospitalization, multiple and varied imaging studies and laboratory tests, various surgical and nonsurgical procedures, and powerful and expensive antimicrobial agents.
Enterobacter infections do not have a clinical presentation that is specific enough to differentiate them from other acute bacterial infections. Bacteremia Signs of Enterobacter bacteremia include various symptoms and cause lower respiratory tract infections can manifest identically to those caused by Streptococcus Pneumoniae or other organisms Enterobacter infections do not have a clinical presentation that is specific enough to differentiate them from other acute.
This course addresses the symptoms and the causes.
Sharespike Knowledge Studio | 3 | | R485.00 | |
| | Blood-brain barrier pathology in patients with severe mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of biomarkers in case-control studies | Blood-brain barrier pathology in patients with severe mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of biomarkers in case-control studies
Blood-brain barrier pathology in patients with severe mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of biomarkers in case-control studies
Overview Blood-brain barrier (BBB) pathology may be associated with mental disorders. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to identify, evaluate and summarize available evidence on whether potential biomarkers of BBB pathology are altered in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, major depression and bipolar disorder compared to healthy controls. The findings implicate occurrence of BBB pathology in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, major depression and bipolar disorder compared to healthy controls. However, definite conclusions cannot be drawn, mainly because the investigated biomarkers are indirect measures of BBB pathology.
Authors Jesper Futtrup, Rebecca Margolinsky, Michael Eriksen Benros, Torben Moos, Lisa Juul Routhe, Jørgen Rungby, Jesper Krogh
Journal Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health | 3 | | R400.00 | |
| | Medical Laboratory Science Professional Part 2 | Medical Laboratory Science Professional Part 2
Medical Laboratory Science Professional Part 2
Overview
Medical laboratory science professionals, often called medical laboratorians, are vital healthcare detectives, uncovering and providing laboratory information from laboratory analyses that assist physicians in patient diagnosis and treatment, as well as in disease monitoring or prevention (maintenance of health). We use sophisticated biomedical instrumentation and technology, computers, and methods requiring manual dexterity to perform laboratory testing on blood and body fluids. Laboratory testing encompasses such disciplines as clinical chemistry, haematology, immunology, immunohematology, microbiology, and molecular biology. Medical laboratory science professionals generate accurate laboratory data that are needed to aid in detecting cancer, heart attacks, diabetes, infectious mononucleosis, and identification of bacteria or viruses that cause infections, as well as in detecting drugs of abuse. In addition, we monitor testing quality and consult with other members of the healthcare team. Medical laboratory scientists have a more extensive theoretical knowledge base. Therefore, they not only perform laboratory procedures including very sophisticated analyses, but also evaluate/interpret the results, integrate data, problem solve, consult, conduct research, and develop new test methods. Part two of this course discusses Urinalysis, Body Fluids, Clinical Immunology, Professional Authority, Society Authorisation, Code of Ethics, Special Culture, Professional Organisations and Professionalism.
Authors Sharespike | 3 | | R410.00 | |
| | Medical Laboratory Science Professional Part 1 | Medical Laboratory Science Professional Part 1
Medical Laboratory Science Professional Part 1
Overview
Medical laboratory science professionals, often called medical laboratorians, are vital healthcare detectives, uncovering and providing laboratory information from laboratory analyses that assist physicians in patient diagnosis and treatment, as well as in disease monitoring or prevention (maintenance of health). We use sophisticated biomedical instrumentation and technology, computers, and methods requiring manual dexterity to perform laboratory testing on blood and body fluids. Laboratory testing encompasses such disciplines as clinical chemistry, haematology, immunology, immunohematology, microbiology, and molecular biology. Medical laboratory science professionals generate accurate laboratory data that are needed to aid in detecting cancer, heart attacks, diabetes, infectious mononucleosis, and identification of bacteria or viruses that cause infections, as well as in detecting drugs of abuse. In addition, we monitor testing quality and consult with other members of the healthcare team. Medical laboratory scientists have a more extensive theoretical knowledge base. Therefore, they not only perform laboratory procedures including very sophisticated analyses, but also evaluate/interpret the results, integrate data, problem solve, consult, conduct research, and develop new test methods. The practice of clinical laboratory science is a profession, regardless of whether it is well-known, or understood by non-healthcare professionals. In part 2 of this course, we discuss Urinalysis, Body Fluids, Clinical Immunology, Professional Authority, Society Authorisation, Code of Ethics, Special Culture, Professional Organisations and Professionalism.
Authors Sharespike
| 3 | | R410.00 | |
| | COVID-2019 -A comprehensive pathology insight | COVID-2019 -A comprehensive pathology insight
COVID-2019 -A comprehensive pathology insight
Overview Corona virus disease-2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 (SARS CoV- 2), a highly contagious single stranded RNA virus genetically related to SARS CoV. The lungs are the main organs affected leading to pneumonia and respiratory failure in severe cases that may need mechanical ventilation. Occasionally patient may present with gastro-intestinal, cardiac and neurologic symptoms with or without lung involvement. Pathologically, the lungs show either mild congestion and alveolar exudation or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with hyaline membrane or histopathology of acute fibrinous organizing pneumonia (AFOP) that parallels disease severity. Other organs like liver and kidneys may be involved secondarily.
Currently the treatment is principally symptomatic and prevention by proper use of personal protective equipment and other measures is crucial to limit the spread. During the pandemic there is paucity of literature on pathological features including pathogenesis, hence in this review we provide the current pathology centred understanding of COVID-19. Furthermore, the pathogenetic pathway is pivotal in the development of therapeutic targets.
Authors Chandrakumar Shanmugam, Abdul Rafi Mohammed, Swarupa Ravuri, Vishwas Luthra, Narasimhamurthy Rajagopal, Saritha Karre
Journal Pathology - Research and Practice 216 (2020) 153222
| 3 | | R440.00 | |
| | Viral Pneumonia Part 2 | Viral Pneumonia Part 2
Overview
The reported incidence of viral pneumonia (see the image below) has increased during the past decade. In part, this apparent increase simply reflects improved diagnostic techniques, but an actual increase appears to have also occurred. Depending on the virulence of the organism, as well as the age and comorbidities of the patient, viral pneumonia can vary from a mild, self-limited illness to a life-threatening disease.
This course is divided into 3 parts covering the aspects of Pneumonia leading into the much dreaded COVID 19. The influenza viruses are the most common viral cause of pneumonia. Primary influenza pneumonia manifests with persistent symptoms of cough, sore throat, headache, myalgia, and malaise for more than three to five days. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most frequent cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants and children and the second most common viral cause of pneumonia in adults.
Parainfluenza virus (PIV) is second in importance only to RSV as a cause of lower respiratory tract disease in children and pneumonia and bronchiolitis in infants younger than 6 months. PIV pneumonia and bronchiolitis are caused primarily by the PIV-3 strain. The signs and symptoms include fever, cough, coryza, dyspnea with rales, and wheezing.
Acknowledgements Authors:
Zab Mosenifar and Richard BrawermanThe University of Pretoria | 3 | | R420.00 | |
| | Viral Pneumonia Part 1 | Viral Pneumonia Part 1
Overview The reported incidence of viral pneumonia (see the image below) has increased during the past decade. In part, this apparent increase simply reflects improved diagnostic techniques, but an actual increase appears to have also occurred. Depending on the virulence of the organism, as well as the age and comorbidities of the patient, viral pneumonia can vary from a mild, self-limited illness to a life-threatening disease.
This course is divided into 3 parts covering the aspects of Pneumonia leading into the much dreaded COVID 19. The influenza viruses are the most common viral cause of pneumonia. Primary influenza pneumonia manifests with persistent symptoms of cough, sore throat, headache, myalgia, and malaise for more than three to five days. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most frequent cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants and children and the second most common viral cause of pneumonia in adults.
Parainfluenza virus (PIV) is second in importance only to RSV as a cause of lower respiratory tract disease in children and pneumonia and bronchiolitis in infants younger than 6 months. PIV pneumonia and bronchiolitis are caused primarily by the PIV-3 strain. The signs and symptoms include fever, cough, coryza, dyspnea with rales, and wheezing.
Acknowledgements
Authors:
Zab Mosenifar and Richard Brawerman | 3 | | R420.00 | |
| | Diabetes Mellitus Part 2 | Diabetes Mellitus Part 2
Overview Type 2 diabetes mellitus consists of an array of dysfunctions characterized by hyperglycemia and resulting from the combination of resistance to insulin action, inadequate insulin secretion, and excessive or inappropriate glucagon secretion. Poorly controlled type 2 diabetes is associated with an array of microvascular, macrovascular, and neuropathic complications.
Microvascular complications of diabetes include retinal, renal, and possibly neuropathic disease. Macrovascular complications include coronary artery and peripheral vascular disease. Diabetic neuropathy affects autonomic and peripheral nerves.
This course focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of type 2 diabetes and its acute and chronic complications, other than those directly associated with hypoglycemia and severe metabolic disturbances, such as hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).
Acknowledgements Author:
Khardori | 3 | | R420.00 | |
| | Diabetes Mellitus Part 1 | Diabetes Mellitus Part 1
Overview Type 2 diabetes mellitus consists of an array of dysfunctions characterized by hyperglycemia and resulting from the combination of resistance to insulin action, inadequate insulin secretion, and excessive or inappropriate glucagon secretion. Poorly controlled type 2 diabetes is associated with an array of microvascular, macrovascular, and neuropathic complications.
Microvascular complications of diabetes include retinal, renal, and possibly neuropathic disease. Macrovascular complications include coronary artery and peripheral vascular disease. Diabetic neuropathy affects autonomic and peripheral nerves.
This course focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of type 2 diabetes and its acute and chronic complications, other than those directly associated with hypoglycemia and severe metabolic disturbances, such as hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).
Acknowledgements Author:
Khardori | 3 | | R420.00 | |