| | HIV and Aids | HIV and Aids
Overview
HIV disease is caused by infection with HIV-1 or HIV-2, which are retroviruses in the Retroviridae family, Lentivirus genus. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a blood-borne virus typically transmitted via sexual intercourse, shared intravenous drug paraphernalia, and mother-to-child transmission (MTCT), which can occur during the birth process or during breastfeeding. The patient with HIV may present with signs and symptoms of any of the stages of HIV infection. No physical findings are specific to HIV infection; the physical findings are those of the presenting infection or illness. Examples of manifestations include acute seroconversion manifests as a flulike illness, consisting of fever, malaise, generalized rash, generalized lymphadenopathy is common and may be a presenting symptom. This course covers the screening, diagnosis, medication and management of Aids.
Author: Sharespike | 3 | | R425.00 |  |
| | Severe Distress – COVID 19 | Severe Distress – COVID 19
Severe Distress – COVID 19
Overview Since the emergence of the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection in December 2019, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has rapidly spread across the globe. The clinical spectrum of patients with COVID-19 ranges from asymptomatic or mild symptoms to critical disease with a high risk of mortality. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the illness associated with the novel coronavirus known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus was initially noted during an outbreak of respiratory illness in the population of Wuhan, the capital of Hubei province, China. The first cases were seen in November 2019, with COVID-19 quickly spreading throughout the city. The World Health Organization (WHO) was notified of the outbreak on December 31, 2019. The cases continued to spread outside of the area and then across the world. COVID-19 was reported as a global health emergency by the end of January 2020. As the worldwide case numbers increased, the WHO declared on March 11, 2020, that COVID-19 had reached the pandemic stage.
The virus is now known as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The disease it causes is called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic.
| 3 | | R425.00 | |
| | Medical Laboratory Assistant Part 2 | Medical Laboratory Assistant Part 2
Medical Laboratory Assistant Part 2
Overview
Medical lab assistants are responsible for collecting and receiving blood, tissue, and other samples from patients, logging, prepping, performing routine tests, and setting up, cleaning, and sterilizing the lab and its equipment.
While medical laboratory assistants typically work directly in the lab, there are also many other skills and traits that they need to have, other than those that are taught in the diploma program. Medical laboratory assistants receive samples from six main areas of the hospital laboratory: chemistry, blood banking, haematology, coagulation, urinalysis, and microbiology.
The day-to-day duties and responsibilities of a medical lab assistant will vary depending on the type and size of the laboratory and organisation. While medical laboratory assistants typically work directly in the lab, there are also many other skills and traits that they need to have, other than those that are taught in the diploma program.
Part 2 of this course covers urinalysis and body fluids in depth.
Authors
Sharespike
| 3 | | R385.00 | |
| | Medical Laboratory Assistant Part 1 | Medical Laboratory Assistant Part 1
Medical Laboratory Assistant Part 1
Overview
Medical lab assistants are responsible for collecting and receiving blood, tissue, and other samples from patients, logging, prepping, performing routine tests, and setting up, cleaning, and sterilizing the lab and its equipment.
While medical laboratory assistants typically work directly in the lab, there are also many other skills and traits that they need to have, other than those that are taught in the diploma program. Medical laboratory assistants receive samples from six main areas of the hospital laboratory: chemistry, blood banking, haematology, coagulation, urinalysis and microbiology.
The day-to-day duties and responsibilities of a medical lab assistant will vary depending on the type and size of the laboratory and organisation. While medical laboratory assistants typically work directly in the lab, there are also many other skills and traits that they need to have, other than those that are taught in the diploma program.
Part 1 of this course covers the main aspects being, chemistry, blood banking, urinalysis, haematology and coagulation and microbiology.
Authors
Sharespike
| 3 | | R385.00 | |
| | Medical Laboratory Technician Part 2 | Medical Laboratory Technician Part 2
Medical Laboratory Technician Part 2
Overview Medical technicians assist with medical diagnoses by performing tests for physicians and hospitals in a laboratory setting. They may test blood, bodily fluids and tissue samples for the presence of bacteria, viruses or diseases and provide the results to doctors. They also may specialize in working in a hospital department where they assist physicians and patients in surgery or other medical procedures. Medical technicians often work under the supervision and guidance of a medical technologist. Within each hospital or doctor’s office, training will involve the facility’s specific practices and guidelines for meeting safety and health regulations. A medical technician may receive additional on-the-job training to specialize in certain processes and procedures. As the medical field continuously changes, medical technicians should maintain current knowledge of best practices. They can read medical journals or blogs, complete online courses or attend webinars to continue learning about their field. Part 2 gives a broad outline of the duties and different tests performed by Laboratory Technicians.
Author Sharespike | 3 | | R395.00 | |
| | Medical Laboratory Technician: Part 1 | Medical Laboratory Technician: Part 1
Medical Laboratory Technician: Part 1
Overview
Medical technicians assist with medical diagnoses by performing tests for physicians and hospitals in a laboratory setting. They may test blood, bodily fluids and tissue samples for the presence of bacteria, viruses or diseases and provide the results to doctors. They also may specialize in working in a hospital department where they assist physicians and patients in surgery or other medical procedures.
Medical technicians often work under the supervision and guidance of a medical technologist. Within each hospital or doctor’s office, training will involve the facility’s specific practices and guidelines for meeting safety and health regulations. A medical technician may receive additional on-the-job training to specialize in certain processes and procedures.
As the medical field continuously changes, medical technicians should maintain current knowledge of best practices. They can read medical journals or blogs, complete online courses or attend webinars to continue learning about their field.
This course (Part 1) gives a broad outline of the duties and different tests performed by Laboratory Technicians.
Author Sharespike | 3 | | R395.00 | |
| | COVID-2019 -A comprehensive pathology insight | COVID-2019 -A comprehensive pathology insight
COVID-2019 -A comprehensive pathology insight
Overview Corona virus disease-2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 (SARS CoV- 2), a highly contagious single stranded RNA virus genetically related to SARS CoV. The lungs are the main organs affected leading to pneumonia and respiratory failure in severe cases that may need mechanical ventilation. Occasionally patient may present with gastro-intestinal, cardiac and neurologic symptoms with or without lung involvement. Pathologically, the lungs show either mild congestion and alveolar exudation or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with hyaline membrane or histopathology of acute fibrinous organizing pneumonia (AFOP) that parallels disease severity. Other organs like liver and kidneys may be involved secondarily.
Currently the treatment is principally symptomatic and prevention by proper use of personal protective equipment and other measures is crucial to limit the spread. During the pandemic there is paucity of literature on pathological features including pathogenesis, hence in this review we provide the current pathology centred understanding of COVID-19. Furthermore, the pathogenetic pathway is pivotal in the development of therapeutic targets.
Authors Chandrakumar Shanmugam, Abdul Rafi Mohammed, Swarupa Ravuri, Vishwas Luthra, Narasimhamurthy Rajagopal, Saritha Karre
Journal Pathology - Research and Practice 216 (2020) 153222
| 3 | | R440.00 | |
| | Survey of pathology reports with no definitive diagnosis in oral lesions: the necessary skills for the clinicians | Survey of pathology reports with no definitive diagnosis in oral lesions: the necessary skills for the clinicians
Survey of pathology reports with no definitive diagnosis in oral lesions: the necessary skills for the clinicians
Overview Biopsy plays a crucial role in definitive diagnosis of lesions and consequently, appropriate treatment of them. Clinicians should correctly do the biopsy in accordance with the existing principles and guidelines to prevent adverse effects on the pathologist's diagnosis. The reasons for not providing definitive histopathological diagnosis of the biopsy samples in present study indicated that preparation, assessment, and diagnosis of microscopic slide by pathologists do not separate from the clinician performance.
Histopathological assessment of tissue sample obtained by biopsy technique is essential to achieve definitive diagnosis of the lesions. Biopsy is often performed prior to initiation of treatment and is the most accurate method to reach a definitive diagnosis. Histopathological features of the lesion, its differentiation from other lesions and its amount of extension can be studied by biopsy. Moreover, biopsy results can predict course of the disease and prognosis of the lesion. Oral mucosal biopsy is a simple minor surgical procedure in dentistry. However, more than a proper surgical technique is required for a precise pathological report. Adherence to the existing protocols and guidelines before, during and after taking a biopsy sample is imperative to achieve the best result and offer an accurate/definitive diagnosis. This study aimed to determine frequency and reasons for lack of definitive histopathological diagnosis.
Authors Soroush Ghoreishi , Massoumeh Zargaran , Fahimeh Baghaei Journal Heliyon
| 3 | | R410.00 | |
| | Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in general practitioners and nurses in primary care and nursing homes in the Healthcare Area of León and associated factors | Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in general practitioners and nurses in primary care and nursing homes in the Healthcare Area of León and associated factors
Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in general practitioners and nurses in primary care and nursing homes in the Healthcare Area of León and associated factors
Overview To evaluate the prevalence of and factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in general practitioners and nurses from primary care centres and nursing homes in the Healthcare Area of León (Spain). The work centre, type of profession, COVID-19 infection, level of exposure, compliance with preventive measures, isolation (if required) and diagnostic tests carried out were collected. The determination of infection was made by differentiated rapid diagnostic test (dRDT), using a finger-stick whole-blood sample. The association of variables with infection was assessed by multivariable non-conditional logistic regression. No statistically significant differences were observed by sex, type of professional, level of exposure or compliance with preventive measures. The prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in this group is low. A high number of professionals remain susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection and therefore protective measures should be taken, especially for professionals working in nursing homes.
Authors: V. Martín, T. Fernández-Villa, M. Lamuedra Gil de Gomez, O. Mencía-Ares, A. Rivero Rodríguez, S. Reguero Celada, M. Montoro Gómez, M.T. Nuevo Guisado, C. Villa Aller, C. Díez Flecha, A. Carvajal, J.P. Fernández Vázquez
Journal: Semergen. 2020;46(S1):42---46 | 3 | | R400.00 | |
| | Preventing infectious diseases for healthy ageing: The VITAL public-private partnership project | Preventing infectious diseases for healthy ageing: The VITAL public-private partnership project
Preventing infectious diseases for healthy ageing: The VITAL public-private partnership project
Overview Prevention of infectious diseases through immunisation of the growing ageing adult population is essential to improve healthy ageing. However, many licenced and recommended vaccines for this age group show signs of waning of the protective effect due to declining immune responses (immunosenescence) and decreasing vaccine uptake. Today’s major challenge is to improve vaccine effectiveness and uptake and to deploy efficient vaccination strategies for this age group. The Vaccines and Infectious diseases in the Ageing population (VITAL) project, with partners from 17 academic & research groups and public institutes as well as seven industry collaborators, aims to address this challenge. The ambition is to provide evidence-based knowledge to local decision makers. Using a holistic and multidisciplinary approach and novel analytical methods, VITAL will provide tools that allow the development of targeted immunisation programs for ageing adults in European countries. The project is based on four pillars focussing on the assessment of the burden of vaccine-preventable diseases in ageing adults, the dissection of the mechanisms underlying immuno-senescence, the analysis of the clinical and economic public health impact of vaccination strategies and the development of educational resources for healthcare professionals.
Authors Debbie Van Baarle, Kaatje Bollaerts, Giuseppe Del Giudice, Stephen Lockhart, Christine Luxemburger, Maarten J. Postma, Aura Timen, Baudouin Standaert
Journal Vaccine 38 (2020) 5896–5904 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.07.005
URL https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X20309051?via%3Dihub | 3 | | R425.00 | |
| | Ways in which healthcare interior environments are associated with perceived safety against infectious diseases and coping behaviours | Ways in which healthcare interior environments are associated with perceived safety against infectious diseases and coping behaviours
Ways in which healthcare interior environments are associated with perceived safety against infectious diseases and coping behaviours
Overview
Global pandemic outbreaks are a cause of fear. Healthcare workers (HCWs), especially those fighting the pathogens at the front line, are at higher risk of being infected while they treat patients. In addition, various environmental fomites in hospitals, which may carry infectious agents, can increase the risk of acquiring an infectious disease.
To deliver the best healthcare practice, it is critical that HCWs feel safe and protected against infectious diseases. The aim of this study was to improve understanding of HCWs’ hand hygiene (HH) behaviours and perceptions of infectious diseases from a psychological perspective.
This study found that an increase in the number of HH stations at convenient locations would increase HH compliance and perceived safety against infectious diseases among HCWs. In response to the current research gap in psychological aspects associated with HH, this study found that HCWs’ coping behaviours can be predicted by their perceived likelihood of contamination and perceived vulnerability.
Author S. Bae
Journal Journal of Hospital Infection 106 (2020) 107e114 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2020.06.022
URL https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7308774/pdf/main.pdf | 3 | | R420.00 | |
| | Tuberculosis Part 2 | Tuberculosis Part 2
Overview
Tuberculosis (TB) (see the image below), a multisystemic disease with myriad presentations and manifestations, is the most common cause of infectious disease–related mortality worldwide. Although TB rates are decreasing in the United States, the disease is becoming more common in many parts of the world. In addition, the prevalence of drug-resistant TB is increasing worldwide. Classic clinical features associated with active pulmonary TB in elderly individuals with TB may not display typical signs and symptoms. The absence of any significant physical findings does not exclude active TB. Classic symptoms are often absent in high-risk patients, particularly those who are immunocompromised or elderly. It is important to isolate patients with possible TB in a private room with negative pressure.
Acknowledgements Authors:
Thomas E Herchline,Thomas E Herchline, Judith K Amorosa, Judith K Amorosa. | 3 | | R420.00 | |
| | Tuberculosis Part 1 | Tuberculosis Part 1
Overview Tuberculosis (TB) (see the image below), a multisystemic disease with myriad presentations and manifestations, is the most common cause of infectious disease–related mortality worldwide. Although TB rates are decreasing in the United States, the disease is becoming more common in many parts of the world. In addition, the prevalence of drug-resistant TB is increasing worldwide. Classic clinical features associated with active pulmonary TB in elderly individuals with TB may not display typical signs and symptoms. The absence of any significant physical findings does not exclude active TB. Classic symptoms are often absent in high-risk patients, particularly those who are immunocompromised or elderly. It is important to isolate patients with possible TB in a private room with negative pressure.
Acknowledgements Authors: Thomas E Herchline and Judith K Amorosa | 3 | | R420.00 | |
| | Viral Pneumonia Part 3 | Viral Pneumonia Part 3
Overview The reported incidence of viral pneumonia (see the image below) has increased during the past decade. In part, this apparent increase simply reflects improved diagnostic techniques, but an actual increase appears to have also occurred. Depending on the virulence of the organism, as well as the age and comorbidities of the patient, viral pneumonia can vary from a mild, self-limited illness to a life-threatening disease. This course is divided into 3 parts covering the aspects of Pneumonia leading into the much dreaded COVID 19 The influenza viruses are the most common viral cause of pneumonia. Primary influenza pneumonia manifests with persistent symptoms of cough, sore throat, headache, myalgia, and malaise for more than three to five days. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most frequent cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants and children and the second most common viral cause of pneumonia in adults.
Parainfluenza virus (PIV) is second in importance only to RSV as a cause of lower respiratory tract disease in children and pneumonia and bronchiolitis in infants younger than 6 months. PIV pneumonia and bronchiolitis are caused primarily by the PIV-3 strain. The signs and symptoms include fever, cough, coryza, dyspnea with rales, and wheezing.
Acknowledgements Authors:
Zab Mosenifar and Richard Brawerman | 3 | | R420.00 | |
| | Viral Pneumonia Part 2 | Viral Pneumonia Part 2
Overview The reported incidence of viral pneumonia (see the image below) has increased during the past decade. In part, this apparent increase simply reflects improved diagnostic techniques, but an actual increase appears to have also occurred. Depending on the virulence of the organism, as well as the age and comorbidities of the patient, viral pneumonia can vary from a mild, self-limited illness to a life-threatening disease. This course is divided into 3 parts covering the aspects of Pneumonia leading into the much dreaded COVID 19. The influenza viruses are the most common viral cause of pneumonia. Primary influenza pneumonia manifests with persistent symptoms of cough, sore throat, headache, myalgia, and malaise for more than three to five days. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most frequent cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants and children and the second most common viral cause of pneumonia in adults.
Parainfluenza virus (PIV) is second in importance only to RSV as a cause of lower respiratory tract disease in children and pneumonia and bronchiolitis in infants younger than 6 months. PIV pneumonia and bronchiolitis are caused primarily by the PIV-3 strain. The signs and symptoms include fever, cough, coryza, dyspnea with rales, and wheezing.
Acknowledgements Authors:
Zab Mosenifar and Richard BrawermanThe University of Pretoria | 3 | | R420.00 | |
| | Diabetes Mellitus Part 3 | Diabetes Mellitus Part 3
Overview Type 2 diabetes mellitus consists of an array of dysfunctions characterized by hyperglycemia and resulting from the combination of resistance to insulin action, inadequate insulin secretion, and excessive or inappropriate glucagon secretion. Poorly controlled type 2 diabetes is associated with an array of microvascular, macrovascular, and neuropathic complications.
Microvascular complications of diabetes include retinal, renal, and possibly neuropathic disease. Macrovascular complications include coronary artery and peripheral vascular disease. Diabetic neuropathy affects autonomic and peripheral nerves.
This course focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of type 2 diabetes and its acute and chronic complications, other than those directly associated with hypoglycemia and severe metabolic disturbances, such as hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).
Acknowledgements Author:
Khardori
| 3 | | R420.00 | |
| | Diabetes Mellitus Part 2 | Diabetes Mellitus Part 2
Overview Type 2 diabetes mellitus consists of an array of dysfunctions characterized by hyperglycemia and resulting from the combination of resistance to insulin action, inadequate insulin secretion, and excessive or inappropriate glucagon secretion. Poorly controlled type 2 diabetes is associated with an array of microvascular, macrovascular, and neuropathic complications.
Microvascular complications of diabetes include retinal, renal, and possibly neuropathic disease. Macrovascular complications include coronary artery and peripheral vascular disease. Diabetic neuropathy affects autonomic and peripheral nerves.
This course focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of type 2 diabetes and its acute and chronic complications, other than those directly associated with hypoglycemia and severe metabolic disturbances, such as hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).
Acknowledgements Author:
Khardori | 3 | | R420.00 | |
| | Diabetes Mellitus Part 1 | Diabetes Mellitus Part 1
Overview Type 2 diabetes mellitus consists of an array of dysfunctions characterized by hyperglycemia and resulting from the combination of resistance to insulin action, inadequate insulin secretion, and excessive or inappropriate glucagon secretion. Poorly controlled type 2 diabetes is associated with an array of microvascular, macrovascular, and neuropathic complications.
Microvascular complications of diabetes include retinal, renal, and possibly neuropathic disease. Macrovascular complications include coronary artery and peripheral vascular disease. Diabetic neuropathy affects autonomic and peripheral nerves.
This course focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of type 2 diabetes and its acute and chronic complications, other than those directly associated with hypoglycemia and severe metabolic disturbances, such as hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).
Acknowledgements Author:
Khardori | 3 | | R420.00 | |
| | Evidence for increasing densities and geographic ranges of tick species of public health significance other than Ixodes scapularis in Quebec, Canada | Evidence for increasing densities and geographic ranges of tick species of public health significance other than Ixodes scapularis in Quebec, Canada
Evidence for increasing densities and geographic ranges of tick species of public health significance other than Ixodes scapularis in Quebec, Canada
Overview
Climate change is driving emergence and establishment of Ixodes scapularis, the main vector of Lyme disease in QueÂbec, Canada. As for the black-legged tick, I. scapularis Say, global warming may also favor northward expansion of other species of medically important ticks. The aims of this study were to determine (1) current diversity and abundance of ticks of public health significance other than I. scapularis, (2) sex and age of the human population bitten by these ticks (3), and the seasonal and geographic pattern of their occurrence.
Of the 862 people bitten by these ticks, 43.3% were I. cookei ticks removed from children aged < 10 years. These findings demonstrate the need for surveillance of all the tick species of medical importance in QueÂbec, particularly because climate may increase their abundance and geographic ranges, increasing the risk to the public of the diseases they transmit.
Acknowledgement
Author Salima Gasmi, Catherine Bouchard, Nicholas H. Ogden, Ariane Adam-Poupart, Yann Pelcat, Erin E. Rees, FrancËois Milord, Patrick A. Leighton, Robbin L. Lindsay, Jules K. Koffi and Karine Thivierge
Journal PLoS One
| 3 | | R420.00 | |
| | Extracorporeal human whole blood in motion, as a tool to predict first-infusion reactions and mechanism-of-action of immune-therapeutics | Extracorporeal human whole blood in motion, as a tool to predict first-infusion reactions and mechanism-of-action of immune-therapeutics
Extracorporeal human whole blood in motion, as a tool to predict first-infusion reactions and mechanism-of-action of immune-therapeutics
Overview
First infusion reactions along with severe anaphylactic responses can occur as a result of systemic administration of therapeutic antibodies. The underlying mechanisms by which monoclonal antibodies induce cytokine release syndrome (CRS) can involve direct agonistic effects via the drug target, or a combination of target-engagement along with innate receptor interactions.
One assay that has not been assessed for its capacity to predict CRS is the modified Chandler loop model. On the other hand, non-agonistic antibodies associated with no or low infusion reactions in the clinic, namely cetuximab and natalizumab, neither induce cytokine release nor cause false positive responses. Additionally, the value of an intact complement system in the assay is highlighted by the possibility to dissect out the mechanism-of-action of alemtuzumab and rituximab. The loop assay can either complement lymph node-like assays or stand-alone to investigate drug/blood interactions during preclinical development, or for individual safety screening prior to first-in-man clinical trial.
Acknowledgement
Authors Erika A.K. Fletcher, Mohamed Eltahir, Frida Lindqvist, Jonas Rieth, Gunilla Törnqvist, Justyna Leja-Jarblad and Sara M. Mangsbo
Journal International Immunopharmacology Volume 54
| 3 | | R410.00 | |
| | Medical Tourism. | Medical Tourism.
Overview
BACKGROUND: Medical tourism is a burgeoning industry in our region. It involves patients travelling outside of their home country for medical treatment.
OBJECTIVE:
This article provides an outline of the current research around medical tourism, especially its impact on Australians.
DISCUSSION:
Patients are increasingly seeking a variety of medical treatments abroad, particularly those involving cosmetic surgery and dental treatment, often in countries in South-East Asia. Adverse events may occur during medical treatment abroad, which raises medico-legal and insurance issues, as well as concerns regarding follow-up of patients. General practitioners need to be prepared to offer advice, including travel health advice, to patients seeking medical treatment abroad
Acknowledgement
Author:
Leggat P
Journal:
Australian family physician.
Publisher:
Focus Environmental
| 3 | | R360.00 | |
| | Clinically Meaningful Use of Blood Tumour Markers in Oncology. | Clinically Meaningful Use of Blood Tumour Markers in Oncology.
Clinically Meaningful Use of Blood Tumour Markers in Oncology.
Overview
Tumour marker (TM) traditionally refers to substances, mainly proteins that are either directly produced by malignant cells or are produced by other cells, in response to certain malignant or other non-malignant conditions. With that said, TMs can be associated with malignancies of a specific organ. For instance, prostrate surface antigen (PSA) in prostate cancer and thyroglobulin in thyroid cancer.
However, a TM like cancer antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9), can be elevated in a variety of cancers. It is worth noting that before the development of modern imaging techniques and the molecular diagnosis, tumour markers (TMs) were among the few available diagnostic tools for the management of cancer patients. This article is therefore for a review of literatures concerning the superior performance of a combination of multiple TMs as a panel for assessment, or as part of validated algorithms that also incorporate other clinical factors.
The aim of this review was therefore to provide a concise overview of the appropriate uses of both traditional and newer TMs and their roles in diagnosis, prognosis, and the monitoring of patients in current clinical practice. The conclusion was that TMs represent a convenient and cost-effective diagnostic tool for the management of various malignancies.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
AUTHORS: Stefan Holdenrieder, Lance Pagliaro, David Morgenstern, and Farshid Dayyani
JOURNAL: BioMed Research International
PUBLISHER: Hindawi Publishing Corporation
URL: https://www.hindawi.com/ | 3 | | R450.00 | |