Courses related to Ethics/Human Rights - CPDExpress

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Courses Directly related to Ethics/Human Rights

Title	Title	CEUs	Price
Medical ethics: Ethical Guidelines to Social Media Medical ethics: Ethical Guidelines to Social Media Ethical Guidelines Social Media Overview This guideline was developed to help health practitioners understand their obligations when using Social Media. The guideline applies to all health practitioners registered with the Health Professions Council of South Africa Social Media describes the online tools and electronic platforms that people use to share content such as opinions, information, photos, videos, and audio. The use of Social Media is expanding rapidly as individuals and organisations are embracing user-generated content through social networks, internet forums and personal blogs. Health professionals need to be aware that there are potential risks involved in the sharing of information via Social Media, even if the consequences are unintended. A key objective of the HPCSA and its Professional Boards is to guide the profession and protect the public. Some health practitioners may find Social Media beneficial as it allows them to keep updated on the latest healthcare developments through reputable user generated content. Acknowledgement Journal: Ethical and Professional Rules of the Health Professions Council of South Africa	Medical ethics: Ethical Guidelines to Social Media Course Detail Medical ethics: Ethical Guidelines to Social Media R 425.00 \| 3 CEUs Add to Cart Online Course Ethical Guidelines Social Media Overview This guideline was developed to help health practitioners understand their obligations when using Social Media. The guideline applies to all health practitioners registered with the Health Professions Council of South Africa Social Media describes the online tools and electronic platforms that people use to share content such as opinions, information, photos, videos, and audio. The use of Social Media is expanding rapidly as individuals and organisations are embracing user-generated content through social networks, internet forums and personal blogs. Health professionals need to be aware that there are potential risks involved in the sharing of information via Social Media, even if the consequences are unintended. A key objective of the HPCSA and its Professional Boards is to guide the profession and protect the public. Some health practitioners may find Social Media beneficial as it allows them to keep updated on the latest healthcare developments through reputable user generated content. Acknowledgement Journal: Ethical and Professional Rules of the Health Professions Council of South Africa	3	R 425.00
Medical Ethics: Ethical Guidelines for the Withholding and Withdrawing of Treatment Medical Ethics: Ethical Guidelines for the Withholding and Withdrawing of Treatment Overview Health care practitioners have a responsibility to make the care of their patients their first concern. The guidance in these guidelines is intended to provide an ethical framework of good practice for health care practitioners in circumstances where they are faced with making a decision on whether to withhold or withdraw life-prolonging treatment. It takes account of existing law in this area, that allowing for withholding and withdrawing of life sustaining treatments and that which prohibits killing, active euthanasia, and assisted suicide. The health care professional may alleviate the suffering of a terminally ill patient by withholding treatment i.e. allowing the natural process of death to follow its course, provided there is consultation with another health care practitioner who is an expert in the field, and where available, discussions with the closest relatives. The HPCSA also expects health care practitioners to observe the provisions of the World Medical Association Declaration on Terminal Illness. Acknowledgement Journal: Ethical and Professional Rules of the Health Professions Council of South Africa	Medical Ethics: Ethical Guidelines for the Withholding and Withdrawing of Treatment Course Detail Medical Ethics: Ethical Guidelines for the Withholding and Withdrawing of Treatment R 485.00 \| 3 CEUs Add to Cart Online Course Overview Health care practitioners have a responsibility to make the care of their patients their first concern. The guidance in these guidelines is intended to provide an ethical framework of good practice for health care practitioners in circumstances where they are faced with making a decision on whether to withhold or withdraw life-prolonging treatment. It takes account of existing law in this area, that allowing for withholding and withdrawing of life sustaining treatments and that which prohibits killing, active euthanasia, and assisted suicide. The health care professional may alleviate the suffering of a terminally ill patient by withholding treatment i.e. allowing the natural process of death to follow its course, provided there is consultation with another health care practitioner who is an expert in the field, and where available, discussions with the closest relatives. The HPCSA also expects health care practitioners to observe the provisions of the World Medical Association Declaration on Terminal Illness. Acknowledgement Journal: Ethical and Professional Rules of the Health Professions Council of South Africa	3	R 485.00
Medical Ethics: Artificial Intelligence Ethics – Too Principled to Fail? Medical Ethics: Artificial Intelligence Ethics – Too Principled to Fail? Overview AI Ethics is now a global topic of discussion in academic and policy circles. At least 63 public-private initiatives have produced statements describing high-level principles, values, and other tenets to guide the ethical development, deployment, and governance of AI. According to recent meta-analyses, AI Ethics has seemingly converged on a set of principles that closely resemble the four classic principles of medical ethics. Despite the initial credibility granted to a principled approach to AI Ethics by the connection to principles in medical ethics, there are reasons to be concerned about its future impact on AI development and governance. Significant differences exist between medicine and AI development that suggest a principled approach in the latter may not enjoy success comparable to the former. Compared to medicine, AI development lacks (1) common aims and fiduciary duties, (2) professional history and norms, (3) proven methods to translate principles into practice, and (4) robust legal and professional accountability mechanisms. These differences suggest we should not yet celebrate consensus around high-level principles that hide deep political and normative disagreement. Acknowledgment Author Brent Mittelstadti Journal Nature Machine Intelligence November 2019	Medical Ethics: Artificial Intelligence Ethics – Too Principled to Fail? Course Detail Medical Ethics: Artificial Intelligence Ethics – Too Principled to Fail? R 420.00 \| 3 CEUs Add to Cart Online Course Overview AI Ethics is now a global topic of discussion in academic and policy circles. At least 63 public-private initiatives have produced statements describing high-level principles, values, and other tenets to guide the ethical development, deployment, and governance of AI. According to recent meta-analyses, AI Ethics has seemingly converged on a set of principles that closely resemble the four classic principles of medical ethics. Despite the initial credibility granted to a principled approach to AI Ethics by the connection to principles in medical ethics, there are reasons to be concerned about its future impact on AI development and governance. Significant differences exist between medicine and AI development that suggest a principled approach in the latter may not enjoy success comparable to the former. Compared to medicine, AI development lacks (1) common aims and fiduciary duties, (2) professional history and norms, (3) proven methods to translate principles into practice, and (4) robust legal and professional accountability mechanisms. These differences suggest we should not yet celebrate consensus around high-level principles that hide deep political and normative disagreement. Acknowledgment Author Brent Mittelstadti Journal Nature Machine Intelligence November 2019	3	R 420.00
Medical Ethics: What is the place for philosophy within the field of medicine? A review of contemporary issues in medical ethics Medical Ethics: What is the place for philosophy within the field of medicine? A review of contemporary issues in medical ethics Overview This extended essay seeks to unpack some of the key aspects of philosophy which are applicable to medical thought and practice. It proceeds via an analytical discussion of the contemporary debate in three key areas of medical ethics: euthanasia, concepts of health and disease and psychiatry. The main claims are as follows: 1. The case for legalising euthanasia is strong on philosophical grounds but there are numerous practical obstacles. 2. Elements from the normative and naturalistic definitions of disease are necessary for a thorough definition that dodges common objections to either. 3. Mental health cannot be subsumed under a purely physicalist model of health rendering it distinctly different from other fields in Medicine. Through a detailed discussion of three salient issues in the philosophy of medicine, it is argued that the application of profound philosophical thought to medicine and its practices reveals a depth that necessitates exploration before simply following the aims of curing all. Philosophical rigour matched with modern medicine has the potential to engage patients and help them make independent, informed decisions and assist physicians to think more clearly, analytically and empathetically. Acknowledgement Author Richard Fenton Journal Philosophy, Ethics and Humanities in Medicine	Medical Ethics: What is the place for philosophy within the field of medicine? A review of contemporary issues in medical ethics Course Detail Medical Ethics: What is the place for philosophy within the field of medicine? A review of contemporary issues in medical ethics R 465.00 \| 3 CEUs Add to Cart Online Course Overview This extended essay seeks to unpack some of the key aspects of philosophy which are applicable to medical thought and practice. It proceeds via an analytical discussion of the contemporary debate in three key areas of medical ethics: euthanasia, concepts of health and disease and psychiatry. The main claims are as follows: 1. The case for legalising euthanasia is strong on philosophical grounds but there are numerous practical obstacles. 2. Elements from the normative and naturalistic definitions of disease are necessary for a thorough definition that dodges common objections to either. 3. Mental health cannot be subsumed under a purely physicalist model of health rendering it distinctly different from other fields in Medicine. Through a detailed discussion of three salient issues in the philosophy of medicine, it is argued that the application of profound philosophical thought to medicine and its practices reveals a depth that necessitates exploration before simply following the aims of curing all. Philosophical rigour matched with modern medicine has the potential to engage patients and help them make independent, informed decisions and assist physicians to think more clearly, analytically and empathetically. Acknowledgement Author Richard Fenton Journal Philosophy, Ethics and Humanities in Medicine	3	R 465.00
Medical Ethics: Medical Students’ Perspectives on Euthanasia and Physician Assisted Suicide and Their Views on Legalising These Practices in SA Medical Ethics: Medical Students’ Perspectives on Euthanasia and Physician Assisted Suicide and Their Views on Legalising These Practices in SA Overview Euthanasia/physician assisted suicide have been a controversial and sometimes taboo topic for a long time, not only in SA but also internationally. A recent (SA) judicial case has seen the topic debated again. Consensus on accepting or abolishing these practices in SA has yet to be reached. All relevant role players need to be adequately engaged before policy can be informed. The objectives were to determine the views of future doctors (medical students) regarding euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide (PAS) and to ascertain their stance on its legalisation in South Africa (SA). Many factors influenced participants’ responses, but differences in opinion between and within the various religious groups were particularly evident in the responses received/ More than half the respondents in this study were open to legalising euthanasia/PAS, substantially more than in previous studies. However, only 41.9% of respondents would consider performing euthanasia/ PAS, for certain patients. Views of other healthcare workers as well as the public are required before policy can be informed. Acknowledgement Authors R K Jacobs and M Hendricks Journal SAMJ RESEARCH	Medical Ethics: Medical Students’ Perspectives on Euthanasia and Physician Assisted Suicide and Their Views on Legalising These Practices in SA Course Detail Medical Ethics: Medical Students’ Perspectives on Euthanasia and Physician Assisted Suicide and Their Views on Legalising These Practices in SA R 425.00 \| 3 CEUs Add to Cart Online Course Overview Euthanasia/physician assisted suicide have been a controversial and sometimes taboo topic for a long time, not only in SA but also internationally. A recent (SA) judicial case has seen the topic debated again. Consensus on accepting or abolishing these practices in SA has yet to be reached. All relevant role players need to be adequately engaged before policy can be informed. The objectives were to determine the views of future doctors (medical students) regarding euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide (PAS) and to ascertain their stance on its legalisation in South Africa (SA). Many factors influenced participants’ responses, but differences in opinion between and within the various religious groups were particularly evident in the responses received/ More than half the respondents in this study were open to legalising euthanasia/PAS, substantially more than in previous studies. However, only 41.9% of respondents would consider performing euthanasia/ PAS, for certain patients. Views of other healthcare workers as well as the public are required before policy can be informed. Acknowledgement Authors R K Jacobs and M Hendricks Journal SAMJ RESEARCH	3	R 425.00
Medical Ethics: Challenges in Expanding Access to Dialysis in South Africa—Expensive Modalities, Cost Constraints and Human Rights Medical Ethics: Challenges in Expanding Access to Dialysis in South Africa—Expensive Modalities, Cost Constraints and Human Rights Medical Ethics: Challenges in Expanding Access to Dialysis in South Africa—Expensive Modalities, Cost Constraints and Human Rights Overview South Africa is a country with two distinct health sectors, which are both characterised by inequalities. Within this context, patients with end stage renal disease face unique and sometimes impenetrable barriers to accessing dialysis. There are a number of reasons for this situation, which include the South African government’s endorsement of discordant, unequal policies, which disadvantage the most vulnerable; a lack of robust national guidelines; and divisive rationing practices, which are ad hoc and place the burden of responsibility for rationing dialysis on the clinician. In this paper, we trace the socio-economic mechanisms of how we have come to be in this situation, and overlay this with a detailed examination of South African legislation. Finally, we make comprehensive practical recommendations for rectifying the situation, which include engagement with key stakeholders, public-private partnerships, and more equitable funding mechanisms. Acknowledgement Authors Harriet Etheredge and June Fabian Journal Healthcare (Basel) Volume 5 Issue 3	Medical Ethics: Challenges in Expanding Access to Dialysis in South Africa—Expensive Modalities, Cost Constraints and Human Rights Course Detail Medical Ethics: Challenges in Expanding Access to Dialysis in South Africa—Expensive Modalities, Cost Constraints and Human Rights R 455.00 \| 3 CEUs Add to Cart Online Course Medical Ethics: Challenges in Expanding Access to Dialysis in South Africa—Expensive Modalities, Cost Constraints and Human Rights Overview South Africa is a country with two distinct health sectors, which are both characterised by inequalities. Within this context, patients with end stage renal disease face unique and sometimes impenetrable barriers to accessing dialysis. There are a number of reasons for this situation, which include the South African government’s endorsement of discordant, unequal policies, which disadvantage the most vulnerable; a lack of robust national guidelines; and divisive rationing practices, which are ad hoc and place the burden of responsibility for rationing dialysis on the clinician. In this paper, we trace the socio-economic mechanisms of how we have come to be in this situation, and overlay this with a detailed examination of South African legislation. Finally, we make comprehensive practical recommendations for rectifying the situation, which include engagement with key stakeholders, public-private partnerships, and more equitable funding mechanisms. Acknowledgement Authors Harriet Etheredge and June Fabian Journal Healthcare (Basel) Volume 5 Issue 3	3	R 455.00
Medical Ethics: Because I want to be informed, to be part of the decision-making”: Patients’ insights on informed consent practices by healthcare professionals in South Africa Medical Ethics: Because I want to be informed, to be part of the decision-making”: Patients’ insights on informed consent practices by healthcare professionals in South Africa Medical Ethics: Because I want to be informed, to be part of the decision-making”: Patients’ insights on informed consent practices by healthcare professionals in South Africa Overview Informed consent (IC) is a legally enforceable right in South Africa based on constitutionally protected rights to bodily integrity and well-being. In terms of the law, patients cannot be involved in medical treatment or research without IC. Healthcare providers must inform patients about diagnosis, risks, benefits, treatment options, and right of refusal in a language that patients understand based their literacy level. This study reports an empirical study on patients’ perceptions of IC as practiced by doctors and nurses in South Africa. This study reveals that South African patients are aware of the right to IC, but many were vulnerable due to indigence. Barriers to IC include poverty, language, and low educational level. South African patients prefer disclosure of all material risks, better communication skills by healthcare workers, and a shift toward informed or shared healthcare decision-making. Acknowledgement Author Chima SC Journal Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice Suppl:S46-56. Publisher: Wolters Kluwer - Medknow	Medical Ethics: Because I want to be informed, to be part of the decision-making”: Patients’ insights on informed consent practices by healthcare professionals in South Africa Course Detail Medical Ethics: Because I want to be informed, to be part of the decision-making”: Patients’ insights on informed consent practices by healthcare professionals in South Africa R 455.00 \| 3 CEUs Add to Cart Online Course Medical Ethics: Because I want to be informed, to be part of the decision-making”: Patients’ insights on informed consent practices by healthcare professionals in South Africa Overview Informed consent (IC) is a legally enforceable right in South Africa based on constitutionally protected rights to bodily integrity and well-being. In terms of the law, patients cannot be involved in medical treatment or research without IC. Healthcare providers must inform patients about diagnosis, risks, benefits, treatment options, and right of refusal in a language that patients understand based their literacy level. This study reports an empirical study on patients’ perceptions of IC as practiced by doctors and nurses in South Africa. This study reveals that South African patients are aware of the right to IC, but many were vulnerable due to indigence. Barriers to IC include poverty, language, and low educational level. South African patients prefer disclosure of all material risks, better communication skills by healthcare workers, and a shift toward informed or shared healthcare decision-making. Acknowledgement Author Chima SC Journal Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice Suppl:S46-56. Publisher: Wolters Kluwer - Medknow	3	R 455.00
Medical Ethics: Ethical considerations in forensic genetics research on tissue samples collected post-mortem in Cape Town, South Africa. Medical Ethics: Ethical considerations in forensic genetics research on tissue samples collected post-mortem in Cape Town, South Africa. Overview Background: The use of tissue collected at a forensic post-mortem for forensic genetics research purposes remains of ethical concern as the process involves obtaining informed consent from grieving family members. Two forensic genetics research studies using tissue collected from a forensic post-mortem were recently initiated at our institution and were the first of their kind to be conducted in Cape Town, South Africa. Main body: This article discusses some of the ethical challenges that were encountered in these research projects. Among these challenges was the adaptation of research workflows to fit in with an exceptionally busy service delivery that is operating with limited resources. Whilst seeking guidance from the literature regarding research on deceased populations, it was noted that next of kin of decedents are not formally recognised as a vulnerable group in the existing ethical and legal frameworks in South Africa. The authors recommend that research in the forensic mortuary setting is approached using guidance for vulnerable groups, and the benefit to risk standard needs to be strongly justified. Lastly, when planning forensic genetics research, consideration must be given to the potential of uncovering incidental findings, funding to validate these findings and the feedback of results to family members; the latter of which is recommended to occur through a genetic counsellor. Conclusion: It is hoped that these experiences will contribute towards a formal framework for conducting forensic genetic research in medico-legal mortuaries in South Africa. Acknowledgement Author: Heathfield LJ, Maistry S, Martin LJ, Ramesar R, de Vries J Journal: BMC medical ethics. Publisher: BioMed Central https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a296/54a617eda8491dcfbb8ed4a67556570de82a.pdf?_ga=2.232073119.1228022994.1520355887-1692294125.1520355887	Medical Ethics: Ethical considerations in forensic genetics research on tissue samples collected post-mortem in Cape Town, South Africa. Course Detail Medical Ethics: Ethical considerations in forensic genetics research on tissue samples collected post-mortem in Cape Town, South Africa. R 370.00 \| 3 CEUs Add to Cart Online Course Overview Background: The use of tissue collected at a forensic post-mortem for forensic genetics research purposes remains of ethical concern as the process involves obtaining informed consent from grieving family members. Two forensic genetics research studies using tissue collected from a forensic post-mortem were recently initiated at our institution and were the first of their kind to be conducted in Cape Town, South Africa. Main body: This article discusses some of the ethical challenges that were encountered in these research projects. Among these challenges was the adaptation of research workflows to fit in with an exceptionally busy service delivery that is operating with limited resources. Whilst seeking guidance from the literature regarding research on deceased populations, it was noted that next of kin of decedents are not formally recognised as a vulnerable group in the existing ethical and legal frameworks in South Africa. The authors recommend that research in the forensic mortuary setting is approached using guidance for vulnerable groups, and the benefit to risk standard needs to be strongly justified. Lastly, when planning forensic genetics research, consideration must be given to the potential of uncovering incidental findings, funding to validate these findings and the feedback of results to family members; the latter of which is recommended to occur through a genetic counsellor. Conclusion: It is hoped that these experiences will contribute towards a formal framework for conducting forensic genetic research in medico-legal mortuaries in South Africa. Acknowledgement Author: Heathfield LJ, Maistry S, Martin LJ, Ramesar R, de Vries J Journal: BMC medical ethics. Publisher: BioMed Central https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a296/54a617eda8491dcfbb8ed4a67556570de82a.pdf?_ga=2.232073119.1228022994.1520355887-1692294125.1520355887	3	R 370.00
Medical Ethics: Sex differences in medico-legal action against doctors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medical Ethics: Sex differences in medico-legal action against doctors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Overview: Methods: Studies reporting original data, written in English or French, examining the association between sex and medico-legal action against doctors were included. Two reviewers independently extracted study characteristics and outcome data from the full texts of the studies meeting the eligibility criteria. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. A random effect meta-analysis model was used to summarize and assess the effect of doctors' sex on medico-legal action. Extracted outcomes included disciplinary action by a medical regulatory board, malpractice experience, referral to a medical regulatory body, complaints received by a healthcare complaints body, criminal cases, and medico-legal matter with a medical defence organisation. Results: Overall, 32 reports examining the association between doctors' sex and medico-legal action were included in the systematic review (n=4,054,551), of which 27 found that male doctors were more likely to have experienced medico-legal action. 19 reports were included in the meta-analysis (n=3,794,486, including 20,666 cases). Results showed male doctors had nearly two and a half times the odds of being subject to medico-legal action than female doctors. Heterogeneity was present in all meta-analyses. Conclusion: Male doctors are more likely to have had experienced medico-legal actions compared to female doctors. This finding is robust internationally, across outcomes of varying severity, and over time. Acknowledgement Author: Unwin E, Woolf K, Wadlow C, Potts HW, Dacre J Journal: BMC medicine. Publisher: Crossmark https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12916-015-0413-5?site=bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com	Medical Ethics: Sex differences in medico-legal action against doctors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Course Detail Medical Ethics: Sex differences in medico-legal action against doctors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. R 400.00 \| 3 CEUs Add to Cart Online Course Overview: Methods: Studies reporting original data, written in English or French, examining the association between sex and medico-legal action against doctors were included. Two reviewers independently extracted study characteristics and outcome data from the full texts of the studies meeting the eligibility criteria. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. A random effect meta-analysis model was used to summarize and assess the effect of doctors' sex on medico-legal action. Extracted outcomes included disciplinary action by a medical regulatory board, malpractice experience, referral to a medical regulatory body, complaints received by a healthcare complaints body, criminal cases, and medico-legal matter with a medical defence organisation. Results: Overall, 32 reports examining the association between doctors' sex and medico-legal action were included in the systematic review (n=4,054,551), of which 27 found that male doctors were more likely to have experienced medico-legal action. 19 reports were included in the meta-analysis (n=3,794,486, including 20,666 cases). Results showed male doctors had nearly two and a half times the odds of being subject to medico-legal action than female doctors. Heterogeneity was present in all meta-analyses. Conclusion: Male doctors are more likely to have had experienced medico-legal actions compared to female doctors. This finding is robust internationally, across outcomes of varying severity, and over time. Acknowledgement Author: Unwin E, Woolf K, Wadlow C, Potts HW, Dacre J Journal: BMC medicine. Publisher: Crossmark https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12916-015-0413-5?site=bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com	3	R 400.00
Medical Ethics: A Private Right Called Bill. Medical Ethics: A Private Right Called Bill. OVERVIEW Privacy is defined by a number of English dictionaries as the quality or condition of being secluded from the presence or view of others. More appropriately privacy is also defined as’ the state of being free from unsanctioned intrusion’. In 2014, with the advent information technology advances, social networking, sale of database information and negligent protection of personal information, in general, amongst others, the necessity to protect personal and private information has been recognized by the law makers. As such, protection of personal information has been incorporated in various forms of legislation, including the SA Constitution, The Patients’ Rights Charter, the Health Professions Act and the very recent Protection of Personal Information Act (POPI). The Health Professions Council obligates all registered practitioners to comply with Continuing Professional Development (CPD). The importance of Ethics, Human Rights and Medical Law is emphasized. This article thus encompasses all three in the form of an overview related to the respect for privacy. Of significance is the Bill of Rights.	Medical Ethics: A Private Right Called Bill. Course Detail Medical Ethics: A Private Right Called Bill. R 400.00 \| 3 CEUs Add to Cart Online Course OVERVIEW Privacy is defined by a number of English dictionaries as the quality or condition of being secluded from the presence or view of others. More appropriately privacy is also defined as’ the state of being free from unsanctioned intrusion’. In 2014, with the advent information technology advances, social networking, sale of database information and negligent protection of personal information, in general, amongst others, the necessity to protect personal and private information has been recognized by the law makers. As such, protection of personal information has been incorporated in various forms of legislation, including the SA Constitution, The Patients’ Rights Charter, the Health Professions Act and the very recent Protection of Personal Information Act (POPI). The Health Professions Council obligates all registered practitioners to comply with Continuing Professional Development (CPD). The importance of Ethics, Human Rights and Medical Law is emphasized. This article thus encompasses all three in the form of an overview related to the respect for privacy. Of significance is the Bill of Rights.	3	R 400.00
Medical Ethics: Communication in the Doctor Patient Relationship. Medical Ethics: Communication in the Doctor Patient Relationship. OVERVIEW The word ‘communication’ is derived from the Latin, ‘communis’ meaning ‘commonness’. In essence, effective communication is the establishment of a common frame of reference between practitioner and patient i.e. ‘all on the same page‘. At least as long ago as the writing of the Hippocratic Oath, it was well understood that physicians’ communication with their patients was an essential part of successful therapy. The relationship between a practitioner and patient should be based upon trust, which develops primarily through communication. In much of health care, accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment depend upon the patient’s truthful and complete disclosure of personal health information. Communication is also a process involving the ‘transmitter’ and receivers. These roles, with particular reference to the practitioner/patient relationship, are interchangeable. There are skills required as there are ethical considerations.	Medical Ethics: Communication in the Doctor Patient Relationship. Course Detail Medical Ethics: Communication in the Doctor Patient Relationship. R 350.00 \| 3 CEUs Add to Cart Online Course OVERVIEW The word ‘communication’ is derived from the Latin, ‘communis’ meaning ‘commonness’. In essence, effective communication is the establishment of a common frame of reference between practitioner and patient i.e. ‘all on the same page‘. At least as long ago as the writing of the Hippocratic Oath, it was well understood that physicians’ communication with their patients was an essential part of successful therapy. The relationship between a practitioner and patient should be based upon trust, which develops primarily through communication. In much of health care, accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment depend upon the patient’s truthful and complete disclosure of personal health information. Communication is also a process involving the ‘transmitter’ and receivers. These roles, with particular reference to the practitioner/patient relationship, are interchangeable. There are skills required as there are ethical considerations.	3	R 350.00
Medical Ethics: Decision Making in a Professional Practice. Medical Ethics: Decision Making in a Professional Practice. OVERVIEW The terms "Ethics" and "Morals" are derived respectively from the Greek and Latin words for "customs, practices and rituals", and what ethicist Robert Bellal has called "the habits of the heart". Although customs may appear to be superficial behaviors, they often reflect the society's deepest, conscious sense of right and wrong. Ethics as a discipline is the study and analysis of values and standards related to duty, responsibility and right and wrong behaviour. The obligations that health care professionals have towards their patients, each other and society, derive from ethical values held by the Practitioners discipline and the larger community. Since the time of Hippocrates, some of the more important moral values in health care have included trust, respect for life, benefiting others, avoiding harm to others, confidentiality and collegiality. Reflection of ethical issues is an essential compliment to the professional's specialised knowledge and skills in meeting basic human needs.	Medical Ethics: Decision Making in a Professional Practice. Course Detail Medical Ethics: Decision Making in a Professional Practice. R 350.00 \| 3 CEUs Add to Cart Online Course OVERVIEW The terms "Ethics" and "Morals" are derived respectively from the Greek and Latin words for "customs, practices and rituals", and what ethicist Robert Bellal has called "the habits of the heart". Although customs may appear to be superficial behaviors, they often reflect the society's deepest, conscious sense of right and wrong. Ethics as a discipline is the study and analysis of values and standards related to duty, responsibility and right and wrong behaviour. The obligations that health care professionals have towards their patients, each other and society, derive from ethical values held by the Practitioners discipline and the larger community. Since the time of Hippocrates, some of the more important moral values in health care have included trust, respect for life, benefiting others, avoiding harm to others, confidentiality and collegiality. Reflection of ethical issues is an essential compliment to the professional's specialised knowledge and skills in meeting basic human needs.	3	R 350.00
Medical Ethics: Ethics of the Placebo in Clinical Practice. Medical Ethics: Ethics of the Placebo in Clinical Practice. OVERVIEW The placebo is not easy to define. As a matter of fact, some scholars are despaired of the possibility of ever finding an adequate definition for the term. However, many current definitions invoke the non-specific nature of the treatment effects as the leading feature of the placebo. The object of this article was however to address the question of the placebo in clinical practice. This article nonetheless argued that the placebo could be an effective treatment. The article further argued that the use of the placebo does not entail deception. This article equally highlighted guidelines under which the placebo may be used for clinical purposes. This article further suggested that in selected cases, the use of the placebo may also be morally imperative. It is imperative to state that the arguments in this article were presented by three case vignettes. The article was concluded that the placebo can be beneficial to physicians of many clinical situations ACKNOWLEDGEMENT AUTHORS: Lichtenberg U Heresco-Levy, U Nitzan JOURNAL: BMJ Journal of Medical Ethics PUBLISHER: BMJ Open URL: http://www.group.bmj.com	Medical Ethics: Ethics of the Placebo in Clinical Practice. Course Detail Medical Ethics: Ethics of the Placebo in Clinical Practice. R 425.00 \| 3 CEUs Add to Cart Online Course OVERVIEW The placebo is not easy to define. As a matter of fact, some scholars are despaired of the possibility of ever finding an adequate definition for the term. However, many current definitions invoke the non-specific nature of the treatment effects as the leading feature of the placebo. The object of this article was however to address the question of the placebo in clinical practice. This article nonetheless argued that the placebo could be an effective treatment. The article further argued that the use of the placebo does not entail deception. This article equally highlighted guidelines under which the placebo may be used for clinical purposes. This article further suggested that in selected cases, the use of the placebo may also be morally imperative. It is imperative to state that the arguments in this article were presented by three case vignettes. The article was concluded that the placebo can be beneficial to physicians of many clinical situations ACKNOWLEDGEMENT AUTHORS: Lichtenberg U Heresco-Levy, U Nitzan JOURNAL: BMJ Journal of Medical Ethics PUBLISHER: BMJ Open URL: http://www.group.bmj.com	3	R 425.00
Medical Ethics: Healthcare Professional’s Patient Relationship. Medical Ethics: Healthcare Professional’s Patient Relationship. OVERVIEW This online course discusses respect and equal treatment; ending a patient-HP relationship; HIV/Aids; sexual attraction; treating family members; communication and consent with a case study included; obstacles for good communication plus case study; abusing medical resources including case study; futile treatment. The health care profession-patient relationship is the cornerstone of medical practice and therefore of medical ethics. The Declaration of Geneva requires of the health care profession that “The health of my patient will be my first consideration,” and the International Code of Medical Ethics states, “A health care profession shall owe his patients complete loyalty and all the resources of his science.” The traditional interpretation of the health care professional-patient relationship as a paternalistic one, in which the health care professional made the decision and the patient submitted to them, has been widely rejected in recent years, both in ethics and in law. Since many patients are either unable or unwilling to make decisions about their medical care, however, patient autonomy is often very problematic. This on-line course will deal with two topics that pose particularly vexing problems to Health Care Professionals in their daily practice: respect and equal treatment, communication and consent.	Medical Ethics: Healthcare Professional’s Patient Relationship. Course Detail Medical Ethics: Healthcare Professional’s Patient Relationship. R 420.00 \| 3 CEUs Add to Cart Online Course OVERVIEW This online course discusses respect and equal treatment; ending a patient-HP relationship; HIV/Aids; sexual attraction; treating family members; communication and consent with a case study included; obstacles for good communication plus case study; abusing medical resources including case study; futile treatment. The health care profession-patient relationship is the cornerstone of medical practice and therefore of medical ethics. The Declaration of Geneva requires of the health care profession that “The health of my patient will be my first consideration,” and the International Code of Medical Ethics states, “A health care profession shall owe his patients complete loyalty and all the resources of his science.” The traditional interpretation of the health care professional-patient relationship as a paternalistic one, in which the health care professional made the decision and the patient submitted to them, has been widely rejected in recent years, both in ethics and in law. Since many patients are either unable or unwilling to make decisions about their medical care, however, patient autonomy is often very problematic. This on-line course will deal with two topics that pose particularly vexing problems to Health Care Professionals in their daily practice: respect and equal treatment, communication and consent.	3	R 420.00
Medical Ethics: How parents and practitioners experience research without consent involving Children with life threatening conditions. Medical Ethics: How parents and practitioners experience research without consent involving Children with life threatening conditions. INTRODUCTION Improvements to life-saving treatments for critically ill children have been limited by the ethical and practical challenges involved in seeking consent for clinical trial entry.¹ The process of seeking informed consent requires time, but this is severely constrained in emergency situations, such as acute resuscitation and critical care,² where even minimal treatment delays are likely to be harmful.³ Parents are not always present when a child requires emergency treatment or a mother of a critically ill neonate may be sedated. Children’s critical care set-tings are intensely emotional, and some parents may not wish to be approached about research when their child is critically ill.⁴ Such challenges pose dif?culties for doctors and nurses recruiting to clinical trials in ensuring that parental consent has been informed, the participation voluntary and the recruitment process adhered to ethical principles.⁵ The last decade has seen inter-national efforts to ?nd alternatives to prospective informed consent so that vital research can continue to advance evidence-based children’s medicine.¹	Medical Ethics: How parents and practitioners experience research without consent involving Children with life threatening conditions. Course Detail Medical Ethics: How parents and practitioners experience research without consent involving Children with life threatening conditions. R 460.00 \| 3 CEUs Add to Cart Online Course INTRODUCTION Improvements to life-saving treatments for critically ill children have been limited by the ethical and practical challenges involved in seeking consent for clinical trial entry.¹ The process of seeking informed consent requires time, but this is severely constrained in emergency situations, such as acute resuscitation and critical care,² where even minimal treatment delays are likely to be harmful.³ Parents are not always present when a child requires emergency treatment or a mother of a critically ill neonate may be sedated. Children’s critical care set-tings are intensely emotional, and some parents may not wish to be approached about research when their child is critically ill.⁴ Such challenges pose dif?culties for doctors and nurses recruiting to clinical trials in ensuring that parental consent has been informed, the participation voluntary and the recruitment process adhered to ethical principles.⁵ The last decade has seen inter-national efforts to ?nd alternatives to prospective informed consent so that vital research can continue to advance evidence-based children’s medicine.¹	3	R 460.00
Medical Ethics: The Truth Be Told. Medical Ethics: The Truth Be Told. OVERVIEW “We're having a little problem with lying at my house: My son won't do it”. "Do you like my new car?" asks his work colleague. My son is paralyzed into muteness by his conscience. His friend is hurt. "Couldn't you find something nice to say about it, like the colour?" I ask. I am thinking of the story about Judy Garland, who, after seeing a pal in a terrible play, swept into her friend's dressing room with the line, "How do you do it, my dear, night after night?" The philosopher Immanuel Kant argued that truth-telling is a "perfect duty," one so basic that it cannot be overridden by other values—not even saving the life of a friend, let alone sparing someone's feelings. In Kant's formulation, if asked outright, a person would be obligated to tell a murderer the whereabouts of his intended victim. Of course, many have responded to Kant with penetrating philosophical counter-arguments Philosophers Maguire and Fargnoli use Kant's stance on lying to explore the limits of the quest for universal moral principles. "Universalization is an unrealistic and inaccurate abstraction that passes over the fact that there are exceptions to valid moral principles," they write. "To protect other values, like the life of an intended victim or a legitimate secret, exceptions to truth-telling must be made."	Medical Ethics: The Truth Be Told. Course Detail Medical Ethics: The Truth Be Told. R 420.00 \| 3 CEUs Add to Cart Online Course OVERVIEW “We're having a little problem with lying at my house: My son won't do it”. "Do you like my new car?" asks his work colleague. My son is paralyzed into muteness by his conscience. His friend is hurt. "Couldn't you find something nice to say about it, like the colour?" I ask. I am thinking of the story about Judy Garland, who, after seeing a pal in a terrible play, swept into her friend's dressing room with the line, "How do you do it, my dear, night after night?" The philosopher Immanuel Kant argued that truth-telling is a "perfect duty," one so basic that it cannot be overridden by other values—not even saving the life of a friend, let alone sparing someone's feelings. In Kant's formulation, if asked outright, a person would be obligated to tell a murderer the whereabouts of his intended victim. Of course, many have responded to Kant with penetrating philosophical counter-arguments Philosophers Maguire and Fargnoli use Kant's stance on lying to explore the limits of the quest for universal moral principles. "Universalization is an unrealistic and inaccurate abstraction that passes over the fact that there are exceptions to valid moral principles," they write. "To protect other values, like the life of an intended victim or a legitimate secret, exceptions to truth-telling must be made."	3	R 420.00
Medical Ethics: Uninformed Consent. Medical Ethics: Uninformed Consent. OVERVIEW There is an argument put forward by medical schemes, administrators and their agents that access to record cards of patients is an automatic right as members of medical schemes, when joining a medical scheme, acknowledge that they are obligated to adhere to the scheme rules which includes provision of personal information; hence consent has been granted. Importantly, the HPCSA Ethical Rules and recently introduced legislation such as the Protection of Private Information Act dictate that express informed consent must be obtained prior to the performance of professional acts or sharing of personal information. Consent, therefore based on an assumption or in the absence of express informed consent can only be regarded as uninformed consent. This includes implied consent whereby a patient pitches for an examination or sits in the chair and interpreted by the practitioner as consent.	Medical Ethics: Uninformed Consent. Course Detail Medical Ethics: Uninformed Consent. R 320.00 \| 3 CEUs Add to Cart Online Course OVERVIEW There is an argument put forward by medical schemes, administrators and their agents that access to record cards of patients is an automatic right as members of medical schemes, when joining a medical scheme, acknowledge that they are obligated to adhere to the scheme rules which includes provision of personal information; hence consent has been granted. Importantly, the HPCSA Ethical Rules and recently introduced legislation such as the Protection of Private Information Act dictate that express informed consent must be obtained prior to the performance of professional acts or sharing of personal information. Consent, therefore based on an assumption or in the absence of express informed consent can only be regarded as uninformed consent. This includes implied consent whereby a patient pitches for an examination or sits in the chair and interpreted by the practitioner as consent.	3	R 320.00
Medical Ethics: What Do International Ethics Guidelines Say In Terms of The Scope of Medical Research Ethics Medical Ethics: What Do International Ethics Guidelines Say In Terms of The Scope of Medical Research Ethics OVERVIEW The question of ‘which is an ethical issue and which is not’ often arises doing research ethics. There are however many internationally known ethic guidelines and depending on which ethics guideline we consult, we may have various answers to this question. It is however ironical that we do not have a harmonized document which tells us what these various guidelines say and shows us the areas of consensus. For this study, we extracted relevant information or imperatives from five internationally-known ethics guidelines and took note where the imperatives came from. Results of this research nonetheless indicated that there is no consensus on many of the imperatives and that in only 8.2 % of the imperatives were there at least moderate consensus. The results further indicated that there was a lack of consensus in most of imperatives from the five internationally-known ethics guidelines. The reason was however partly attributed to the differences among the guidelines in terms of their levels of specification as well as conceptual/ideological differences. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT AUTHORS: Rosemarie D. L. C. Bernabe, Ghislaine J. M. W. van Thiel and Johannes J. M. van Delden JOURNAL: BMC Medical Ethics PUBLISHER: BioMed Central URL: https://www.biomedcentral.com	Medical Ethics: What Do International Ethics Guidelines Say In Terms of The Scope of Medical Research Ethics Course Detail Medical Ethics: What Do International Ethics Guidelines Say In Terms of The Scope of Medical Research Ethics R 330.00 \| 3 CEUs Add to Cart Online Course OVERVIEW The question of ‘which is an ethical issue and which is not’ often arises doing research ethics. There are however many internationally known ethic guidelines and depending on which ethics guideline we consult, we may have various answers to this question. It is however ironical that we do not have a harmonized document which tells us what these various guidelines say and shows us the areas of consensus. For this study, we extracted relevant information or imperatives from five internationally-known ethics guidelines and took note where the imperatives came from. Results of this research nonetheless indicated that there is no consensus on many of the imperatives and that in only 8.2 % of the imperatives were there at least moderate consensus. The results further indicated that there was a lack of consensus in most of imperatives from the five internationally-known ethics guidelines. The reason was however partly attributed to the differences among the guidelines in terms of their levels of specification as well as conceptual/ideological differences. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT AUTHORS: Rosemarie D. L. C. Bernabe, Ghislaine J. M. W. van Thiel and Johannes J. M. van Delden JOURNAL: BMC Medical Ethics PUBLISHER: BioMed Central URL: https://www.biomedcentral.com	3	R 330.00

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QTc interval prolongation during favipiravir therapy in an Ebolavirus-infected patient QTc interval prolongation during favipiravir therapy in an Ebolavirus-infected patient Overview Life-threatening arrhythmia may be induced by corrected QT (QTc) interval prolongation. Several antimicrobial drugs have been associated with QTc interval prolongation. Favipiravir is an inhibitor of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of many RNA viruses, including influenza viruses, arenaviruses, phleboviruses, hantaviruses, flaviviruses, enteroviruses, and noroviruses. Favipiravir has also been used in the recent epidemic of Ebolavirus (EBOV) in West Africa. To date, no significant effects of favipiravir on the QT/QTc interval have been detected. We report a case of QTc interval prolongation during favipiravir therapy in an EBOV-infected patient treated at our institution. In conclusion, we suggest that favipiravir administered at high doses, together with the cofactors discussed above, may have contributed to inducing a QTc interval prolongation in our EBOV patient. If feasible, ECG monitoring could be advisable during high-dose favipiravir therapy, especially when patients experience electrolyte disturbances and concomitant use of drugs with QTc-prolonging potential. Encephalitis or central nervous system (CNS) pathology may have a role in prolonging QT interval. Acknowledgement Authors Pierangelo Chinello, Nicola Petrosillo, Silvia Pittalis, Gianluigi Biava, Giuseppe Ippolito, Emanuele Nicastri, on behalf of the INMI Ebola Team Journal PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Publisher Cross Mark	QTc interval prolongation during favipiravir therapy in an Ebolavirus-infected patient Course Detail QTc interval prolongation during favipiravir therapy in an Ebolavirus-infected patient R 390.00 \| 3 CEUs Add to Cart Online Course Overview Life-threatening arrhythmia may be induced by corrected QT (QTc) interval prolongation. Several antimicrobial drugs have been associated with QTc interval prolongation. Favipiravir is an inhibitor of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of many RNA viruses, including influenza viruses, arenaviruses, phleboviruses, hantaviruses, flaviviruses, enteroviruses, and noroviruses. Favipiravir has also been used in the recent epidemic of Ebolavirus (EBOV) in West Africa. To date, no significant effects of favipiravir on the QT/QTc interval have been detected. We report a case of QTc interval prolongation during favipiravir therapy in an EBOV-infected patient treated at our institution. In conclusion, we suggest that favipiravir administered at high doses, together with the cofactors discussed above, may have contributed to inducing a QTc interval prolongation in our EBOV patient. If feasible, ECG monitoring could be advisable during high-dose favipiravir therapy, especially when patients experience electrolyte disturbances and concomitant use of drugs with QTc-prolonging potential. Encephalitis or central nervous system (CNS) pathology may have a role in prolonging QT interval. Acknowledgement Authors Pierangelo Chinello, Nicola Petrosillo, Silvia Pittalis, Gianluigi Biava, Giuseppe Ippolito, Emanuele Nicastri, on behalf of the INMI Ebola Team Journal PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Publisher Cross Mark	3	R 390.00
Ebolaviruses: New roles for old proteins Ebolaviruses: New roles for old proteins Overview In 2014, the world witnessed the largest Ebolavirus outbreak in recorded history. The subsequent humanitarian effort spurred extensive research, significantly enhancing our understanding of ebolavirus replication and pathogenicity. The main functions of each ebolavirus protein have been studied extensively since the discovery of the virus in 1976; however, the recent expansion of ebolavirus research has led to the discovery of new protein functions. The international containment effort spurred extensive research that is enhancing. These newly discovered roles are revealing new mechanisms of virus replication and pathogenicity, whilst enhancing our understanding of the broad functions of each ebolavirus viral protein (VP). Many of these new functions appear to be unrelated to the protein's primary function during virus replication. Such new functions range from bystander T-lymphocyte death caused by VP40-secreted exosomes to new roles for VP24 in viral particle formation. This review highlights the newly discovered roles of ebolavirus proteins in order to provide a more encompassing view of ebolavirus replication and pathogenicity. This review highlights the newly discovered roles of ebolavirus proteins in order to provide a more encompassing view of ebolavirus replication and pathogenicity. Acknowledgement Authors Diego Cantoni and Jeremy S. Rossman Journal PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Publisher Cross Mark	Ebolaviruses: New roles for old proteins Course Detail Ebolaviruses: New roles for old proteins R 420.00 \| 3 CEUs Add to Cart Online Course Overview In 2014, the world witnessed the largest Ebolavirus outbreak in recorded history. The subsequent humanitarian effort spurred extensive research, significantly enhancing our understanding of ebolavirus replication and pathogenicity. The main functions of each ebolavirus protein have been studied extensively since the discovery of the virus in 1976; however, the recent expansion of ebolavirus research has led to the discovery of new protein functions. The international containment effort spurred extensive research that is enhancing. These newly discovered roles are revealing new mechanisms of virus replication and pathogenicity, whilst enhancing our understanding of the broad functions of each ebolavirus viral protein (VP). Many of these new functions appear to be unrelated to the protein's primary function during virus replication. Such new functions range from bystander T-lymphocyte death caused by VP40-secreted exosomes to new roles for VP24 in viral particle formation. This review highlights the newly discovered roles of ebolavirus proteins in order to provide a more encompassing view of ebolavirus replication and pathogenicity. This review highlights the newly discovered roles of ebolavirus proteins in order to provide a more encompassing view of ebolavirus replication and pathogenicity. Acknowledgement Authors Diego Cantoni and Jeremy S. Rossman Journal PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Publisher Cross Mark	3	R 420.00
Characteristics and predictors for Gastro-intestinal haemorrhage among adult patients with dengue virus infection: Emphasizing the impact of existing comorbid disease(s). Characteristics and predictors for Gastro-intestinal haemorrhage among adult patients with dengue virus infection: Emphasizing the impact of existing comorbid disease(s). Characteristics and predictors for Gastro-intestinal haemorrhage among adult patients with dengue virus infection: Emphasizing the impact of existing comorbid disease(s). Overview Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding is a leading cause of death in dengue. This study aims to identify predictors for GI bleeding in adult dengue patients, emphasizing the impact of existing co-morbid disease(s). Of 1300 adults with dengue virus infection, 175 (mean age, 56.5±13.7 years) patients with GI bleeding and 1,125 (mean age, 49.2±15.6 years) without GI bleeding (controls) were retrospectively analyzed. Our study is the first to disclose that end stage renal disease and previous stroke, with additional co-morbidities, were strongly significant associated with the risk of GI bleeding in patients with dengue virus infection. Identification of these risk factors can be incorporated into the patient assessment and management protocol of dengue virus infection to reduce its mortality. Our study emphasizes that, in addition to older age and thrombocytopenia , end stage renal disease and previous stroke, with additional co-morbidities, are important clinical predictor of GI bleeding in adult patients with DENV infection. More studies, particularly prospective studies are required to validate these findings for better generalization of their clinical utility. Acknowledgement Author Wen-Chi Huang, Ing-Kit Lee, Yi-Chun Chen, Ching-Yen Tsai and Jien-Wei Liu. Journal PLoS ONE Volume 13 Issue 2 Publisher Cross Mark URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5819790/pdf/pone.0192919.pdf	Characteristics and predictors for Gastro-intestinal haemorrhage among adult patients with dengue virus infection: Emphasizing the impact of existing comorbid disease(s). Course Detail Characteristics and predictors for Gastro-intestinal haemorrhage among adult patients with dengue virus infection: Emphasizing the impact of existing comorbid disease(s). R 470.00 \| 3 CEUs Add to Cart Online Course Characteristics and predictors for Gastro-intestinal haemorrhage among adult patients with dengue virus infection: Emphasizing the impact of existing comorbid disease(s). Overview Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding is a leading cause of death in dengue. This study aims to identify predictors for GI bleeding in adult dengue patients, emphasizing the impact of existing co-morbid disease(s). Of 1300 adults with dengue virus infection, 175 (mean age, 56.5±13.7 years) patients with GI bleeding and 1,125 (mean age, 49.2±15.6 years) without GI bleeding (controls) were retrospectively analyzed. Our study is the first to disclose that end stage renal disease and previous stroke, with additional co-morbidities, were strongly significant associated with the risk of GI bleeding in patients with dengue virus infection. Identification of these risk factors can be incorporated into the patient assessment and management protocol of dengue virus infection to reduce its mortality. Our study emphasizes that, in addition to older age and thrombocytopenia , end stage renal disease and previous stroke, with additional co-morbidities, are important clinical predictor of GI bleeding in adult patients with DENV infection. More studies, particularly prospective studies are required to validate these findings for better generalization of their clinical utility. Acknowledgement Author Wen-Chi Huang, Ing-Kit Lee, Yi-Chun Chen, Ching-Yen Tsai and Jien-Wei Liu. Journal PLoS ONE Volume 13 Issue 2 Publisher Cross Mark URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5819790/pdf/pone.0192919.pdf	3	R 470.00
Structure and assembly of the Ebola virus nucleocapsid Structure and assembly of the Ebola virus nucleocapsid Structure and assembly of the Ebola virus nucleocapsid Overview Ebola and Marburg viruses are filoviruses: filamentous, enveloped viruses that cause haemorrhagic fever1. Filoviruses are within the order Mononegavirales2 which also includes rabies virus, measles virus, and respiratory syncytial virus. Mononegaviruses have non-segmented, single-stranded negative-sense RNA genomes that are encapsidated by nucleoprotein (NP) and other viral proteins to form a helical nucleocapsid (NC). NC acts as a scaffold for virus assembly and as a template for genome transcription and replication. Insights into NP-NP interactions have been derived from structural studies of oligomerized, RNA-encapsidating NP3–6 and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) of NC7–12 or NC-like structures11–13. There have been no high-resolution reconstructions of complete mononegavirus NCs. Here, we have applied cryo-electron tomography and sub-tomogram averaging to determine the structure of Ebola virus NC within intact viruses and recombinant NC-like assemblies. These structures reveal the identity and arrangement of the NC components, and suggest that the formation of an extended alpha-helix from the disordered C-terminal region of NP-core links NP oligomerization, NC condensation, RNA encapsidation, and accessory protein recruitment. Acknowledgement Author William Wan, Larissa Kolesnikova, Mairi Clarke, Alexander Koehler, Takeshi Noda, Stephan Becker and John A. G. Briggs. Journal Nature. 2017 November 16; 551(7680-397) Publisher URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5714281/pdf/emss-74396.pdf	Structure and assembly of the Ebola virus nucleocapsid Course Detail Structure and assembly of the Ebola virus nucleocapsid R 455.00 \| 3 CEUs Add to Cart Online Course Structure and assembly of the Ebola virus nucleocapsid Overview Ebola and Marburg viruses are filoviruses: filamentous, enveloped viruses that cause haemorrhagic fever1. Filoviruses are within the order Mononegavirales2 which also includes rabies virus, measles virus, and respiratory syncytial virus. Mononegaviruses have non-segmented, single-stranded negative-sense RNA genomes that are encapsidated by nucleoprotein (NP) and other viral proteins to form a helical nucleocapsid (NC). NC acts as a scaffold for virus assembly and as a template for genome transcription and replication. Insights into NP-NP interactions have been derived from structural studies of oligomerized, RNA-encapsidating NP3–6 and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) of NC7–12 or NC-like structures11–13. There have been no high-resolution reconstructions of complete mononegavirus NCs. Here, we have applied cryo-electron tomography and sub-tomogram averaging to determine the structure of Ebola virus NC within intact viruses and recombinant NC-like assemblies. These structures reveal the identity and arrangement of the NC components, and suggest that the formation of an extended alpha-helix from the disordered C-terminal region of NP-core links NP oligomerization, NC condensation, RNA encapsidation, and accessory protein recruitment. Acknowledgement Author William Wan, Larissa Kolesnikova, Mairi Clarke, Alexander Koehler, Takeshi Noda, Stephan Becker and John A. G. Briggs. Journal Nature. 2017 November 16; 551(7680-397) Publisher URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5714281/pdf/emss-74396.pdf	3	R 455.00
Establishing Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) diagnostics using GeneXpert technology at a mobile laboratory in Liberia: Impact on outbreak response, case management and laboratory systems strengthening Establishing Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) diagnostics using GeneXpert technology at a mobile laboratory in Liberia: Impact on outbreak response, case management and laboratory systems strengthening Establishing Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) diagnostics using GeneXpert technology at a mobile laboratory in Liberia: Impact on outbreak response, case management and laboratory systems strengthening Overview The 2014-16 Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreak in West Africa highlighted the necessity for readily available, accurate and rapid diagnostics. The magnitude of the outbreak and the re-emergence of clusters of EVD cases following the declaration of interrupted transmission in Liberia, reinforced the need for sustained diagnostics to support surveillance and emergency preparedness. We describe implementation of the Xpert Ebola Assay, a rapid molecular diagnostic test run on the GeneXpert platform, and the subsequent impact on EVD outbreak response, case management and laboratory system strengthening. During the 18 months of operation, the laboratory tested a total of 9,063 blood specimens, including 21 EVD positives from six confirmed cases during two outbreaks. Collaboration between surveillance and laboratory coordination teams during this and a later outbreak in March 2016, facilitated timely and targeted response interventions. This model of a mobile laboratory equipped with Xpert Ebola test, staffed by local laboratory technicians, could serve to strengthen outbreak preparedness and response for future outbreaks of EVD in Liberia and the region. Acknowledgement Authors Philomena Raftery, Orla Condell, Christine Wasunna, Jonathan Kpaka, Ruth Zwizwai, Mahmood Nuha, Mosoka Fallah, Maxwell Freeman, Victoria Harris, Mark Miller, April Baller, Moses Massaquoi, Victoria Katawera, John Saindon, Philip Bemah, Esther Hamblion, Evelyn Castle, Desmond Williams, Alex Gasasira, Tolbert Nyenswah. Journal PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Volume 12 Issue 1 Publisher Cross Mark URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5755746/pdf/pntd.0006135.pdf	Establishing Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) diagnostics using GeneXpert technology at a mobile laboratory in Liberia: Impact on outbreak response, case management and laboratory systems strengthening Course Detail Establishing Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) diagnostics using GeneXpert technology at a mobile laboratory in Liberia: Impact on outbreak response, case management and laboratory systems strengthening R 465.00 \| 3 CEUs Add to Cart Online Course Establishing Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) diagnostics using GeneXpert technology at a mobile laboratory in Liberia: Impact on outbreak response, case management and laboratory systems strengthening Overview The 2014-16 Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreak in West Africa highlighted the necessity for readily available, accurate and rapid diagnostics. The magnitude of the outbreak and the re-emergence of clusters of EVD cases following the declaration of interrupted transmission in Liberia, reinforced the need for sustained diagnostics to support surveillance and emergency preparedness. We describe implementation of the Xpert Ebola Assay, a rapid molecular diagnostic test run on the GeneXpert platform, and the subsequent impact on EVD outbreak response, case management and laboratory system strengthening. During the 18 months of operation, the laboratory tested a total of 9,063 blood specimens, including 21 EVD positives from six confirmed cases during two outbreaks. Collaboration between surveillance and laboratory coordination teams during this and a later outbreak in March 2016, facilitated timely and targeted response interventions. This model of a mobile laboratory equipped with Xpert Ebola test, staffed by local laboratory technicians, could serve to strengthen outbreak preparedness and response for future outbreaks of EVD in Liberia and the region. Acknowledgement Authors Philomena Raftery, Orla Condell, Christine Wasunna, Jonathan Kpaka, Ruth Zwizwai, Mahmood Nuha, Mosoka Fallah, Maxwell Freeman, Victoria Harris, Mark Miller, April Baller, Moses Massaquoi, Victoria Katawera, John Saindon, Philip Bemah, Esther Hamblion, Evelyn Castle, Desmond Williams, Alex Gasasira, Tolbert Nyenswah. Journal PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Volume 12 Issue 1 Publisher Cross Mark URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5755746/pdf/pntd.0006135.pdf	3	R 465.00
Characterization of Influenza Virus Pseudotyped with Ebolavirus Glycoprotein Characterization of Influenza Virus Pseudotyped with Ebolavirus Glycoprotein Characterization of Influenza Virus Pseudotyped with Ebolavirus Glycoprotein Overview We have produced a new Ebola virus pseudotype, E-S-FLU, that can be handled in biosafety level 1/2 containment for laboratory analysis. The E-SFLU virus is a single-cycle influenza virus coated with Ebolavirus glycoprotein, and it encodes enhanced green fluorescence protein as a reporter that replaces the influenza virus hemagglutinin. Infection of cells with the E-S-FLU virus was dependent on the Niemann-Pick C1 protein, which is the well-characterized receptor for Ebola virus entry at the late endosome/lysosome membrane. The E-S-FLU virus was neutralized specifically by an anti-Ebolavirus glycoprotein antibody and a variety of small drug molecules that are known to inhibit the entry of wild-type Ebola virus. To demonstrate the application of this new Ebola virus pseudotype, we show that a single laboratory batch was sufficient to screen a library of 1,280 pharmacologically active compounds for inhibition of virus entry. The E-S-FLU virus is a new tool for Ebola virus cell entry studies and is easily applied to high throughput screening assays for small-molecule inhibitors or antibodies. Acknowledgement Author Julie Huiyuan Xiao, Pramila Rijal, Lisa Schimanski, Arun Kumar Tharkeshwar, Edward Wright, Wim Annaert and Alain Townsend. Journal Journal of Virology Publisher Cross Mark URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5790926/pdf/e00941-17.pdf	Characterization of Influenza Virus Pseudotyped with Ebolavirus Glycoprotein Course Detail Characterization of Influenza Virus Pseudotyped with Ebolavirus Glycoprotein R 445.00 \| 3 CEUs Add to Cart Online Course Characterization of Influenza Virus Pseudotyped with Ebolavirus Glycoprotein Overview We have produced a new Ebola virus pseudotype, E-S-FLU, that can be handled in biosafety level 1/2 containment for laboratory analysis. The E-SFLU virus is a single-cycle influenza virus coated with Ebolavirus glycoprotein, and it encodes enhanced green fluorescence protein as a reporter that replaces the influenza virus hemagglutinin. Infection of cells with the E-S-FLU virus was dependent on the Niemann-Pick C1 protein, which is the well-characterized receptor for Ebola virus entry at the late endosome/lysosome membrane. The E-S-FLU virus was neutralized specifically by an anti-Ebolavirus glycoprotein antibody and a variety of small drug molecules that are known to inhibit the entry of wild-type Ebola virus. To demonstrate the application of this new Ebola virus pseudotype, we show that a single laboratory batch was sufficient to screen a library of 1,280 pharmacologically active compounds for inhibition of virus entry. The E-S-FLU virus is a new tool for Ebola virus cell entry studies and is easily applied to high throughput screening assays for small-molecule inhibitors or antibodies. Acknowledgement Author Julie Huiyuan Xiao, Pramila Rijal, Lisa Schimanski, Arun Kumar Tharkeshwar, Edward Wright, Wim Annaert and Alain Townsend. Journal Journal of Virology Publisher Cross Mark URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5790926/pdf/e00941-17.pdf	3	R 445.00
Soil-transmitted helminth infection, loss of education and cognitive impairment in school-aged children: systematic review Overview Soil-transmitted helminth infection, loss of education and cognitive impairment in school-aged children: systematic review Overview Soil-transmitted helminth infection, loss of education and cognitive impairment in school-aged children: systematic review Overview Cardiovascular evidence of an adverse influence of soil transmitted helminth (STH) infections on cognitive function and educational loss is equivocal. Prior meta-analyses have focused on randomized controlled trials only and have not sufficiently explored the potential for disparate influence of STH infection by cognitive domain. We re-examine the hypothesis that STH infection is associated with cognitive deficit and educational loss using data from all primary epidemiologic studies published since 2016. Cognitive function was defined in four domains (learning, memory, reaction time and innate intelligence) and educational loss in two domains (attendance and scholastic achievement). Sub-group analyses were implemented by study design, risk of bias (ROB) and co-prevalence of Schistosoma species infection. Influential studies were excluded in sensitivity analysis to examine stability of pooled estimates. Despite the empirical debate regarding the cognitive benefit of de-worming for STH, the current ethical, clinical and health policy environments remain strongly skewed in favor of de-worming for child growth, prevention of anaemia and potentially avoidance of preventable cognitive deficits Acknowledgement Author Noel Pabalan, Eloisa Singian, Lani Tabangay, Hamdi Jarjanazi, Michael J. Boivin, Amara E. Ezeamama Journal PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5766095/pdf/pntd.0005523.pdf Publisher Cross Mark	Soil-transmitted helminth infection, loss of education and cognitive impairment in school-aged children: systematic review Overview Course Detail Soil-transmitted helminth infection, loss of education and cognitive impairment in school-aged children: systematic review Overview R 465.00 \| 3 CEUs Add to Cart Online Course Soil-transmitted helminth infection, loss of education and cognitive impairment in school-aged children: systematic review Overview Cardiovascular evidence of an adverse influence of soil transmitted helminth (STH) infections on cognitive function and educational loss is equivocal. Prior meta-analyses have focused on randomized controlled trials only and have not sufficiently explored the potential for disparate influence of STH infection by cognitive domain. We re-examine the hypothesis that STH infection is associated with cognitive deficit and educational loss using data from all primary epidemiologic studies published since 2016. Cognitive function was defined in four domains (learning, memory, reaction time and innate intelligence) and educational loss in two domains (attendance and scholastic achievement). Sub-group analyses were implemented by study design, risk of bias (ROB) and co-prevalence of Schistosoma species infection. Influential studies were excluded in sensitivity analysis to examine stability of pooled estimates. Despite the empirical debate regarding the cognitive benefit of de-worming for STH, the current ethical, clinical and health policy environments remain strongly skewed in favor of de-worming for child growth, prevention of anaemia and potentially avoidance of preventable cognitive deficits Acknowledgement Author Noel Pabalan, Eloisa Singian, Lani Tabangay, Hamdi Jarjanazi, Michael J. Boivin, Amara E. Ezeamama Journal PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5766095/pdf/pntd.0005523.pdf Publisher Cross Mark	3	R 465.00
Denial of abortion in legal settings. Denial of abortion in legal settings. Overview Background: Factors such as poverty, stigma, lack of knowledge about the legal status of abortion, and geographical distance from a provider may prevent women from accessing safe abortion services, even where abortion is legal. Data on the consequences of abortion denial outside of the US, however, are scarce. Methods: In this article we present data from studies among women seeking legal abortion services in four countries (Colombia, Nepal, South Africa and Tunisia) to assess sociodemographic characteristics of legal abortion seekers, as well as the frequency and reasons that women are denied abortion care. Results: The proportion of women denied abortion services and the reasons for which they were denied varied widely by country. In Colombia, 2% of women surveyed did not receive the abortions they were seeking; in South Africa, 45% of women did not receive abortions on the day they were seeking abortion services. In both Tunisia and Nepal, 26% of women were denied their wanted abortions. Conclusions: The denial of legal abortion services may have serious consequences for women's health and wellbeing. Additional evidence on the risk factors for presenting later in pregnancy, predictors of seeking unsafe illegal abortion, and the health consequences of illegal abortion and childbirth after an unwanted pregnancy is needed. Such data would assist the development of programmes and policies aimed at increasing access to and utilisation of safe abortion services where abortion is legal, and harm reduction models for women who are unable to access legal abortion services. Acknowledgement Author: Gerdts C, DePiñeres T, Hajri S, Harries J, Hossain A, Puri M, Vohra D, Foster DG Journal: The journal of family planning and reproductive health care. Publisher: BMJ Publishing Group Limited	Denial of abortion in legal settings. Course Detail Denial of abortion in legal settings. R 420.00 \| 3 CEUs Add to Cart Online Course Overview Background: Factors such as poverty, stigma, lack of knowledge about the legal status of abortion, and geographical distance from a provider may prevent women from accessing safe abortion services, even where abortion is legal. Data on the consequences of abortion denial outside of the US, however, are scarce. Methods: In this article we present data from studies among women seeking legal abortion services in four countries (Colombia, Nepal, South Africa and Tunisia) to assess sociodemographic characteristics of legal abortion seekers, as well as the frequency and reasons that women are denied abortion care. Results: The proportion of women denied abortion services and the reasons for which they were denied varied widely by country. In Colombia, 2% of women surveyed did not receive the abortions they were seeking; in South Africa, 45% of women did not receive abortions on the day they were seeking abortion services. In both Tunisia and Nepal, 26% of women were denied their wanted abortions. Conclusions: The denial of legal abortion services may have serious consequences for women's health and wellbeing. Additional evidence on the risk factors for presenting later in pregnancy, predictors of seeking unsafe illegal abortion, and the health consequences of illegal abortion and childbirth after an unwanted pregnancy is needed. Such data would assist the development of programmes and policies aimed at increasing access to and utilisation of safe abortion services where abortion is legal, and harm reduction models for women who are unable to access legal abortion services. Acknowledgement Author: Gerdts C, DePiñeres T, Hajri S, Harries J, Hossain A, Puri M, Vohra D, Foster DG Journal: The journal of family planning and reproductive health care. Publisher: BMJ Publishing Group Limited	3	R 420.00
Chiba Study of Mother and Childrens Health (C-Mach). Chiba Study of Mother and Childrens Health (C-Mach). Overview There are recent indications that dramatic changes in social and living conditions have led to an increase in allergy-related and lifestyle-related diseases as well as the emergence of mental health issues. Also, findings from Epidemiological researches that were carried out in European countries reveal that the nutritional environment from the fetal period to early childhood might affect the risks of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in adulthood. This study is therefore a birth cohort study based on the DOHaD hypothesis and involves multiomics analysis. The objective of this study was also to explore the effects of genetic and environmental factors particularly the foetal environment and post birth living environment on children’s health, and to identify potential biomarkers for these effects. The participants of this study were 433 women who were pregnant for less than 13 weeks and underwent an examination in one of the three hospitals that were used for the study. The preliminary outcomes of the study were nevertheless obesity, endocrine and metabolic disorders, as well as developmental disorders. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT AUTHORS: Kenichi Sakurai, Hidenobu Miyaso, Akifumi Eguchi, Yoshiharu Matsuno, Midori Yamamoto, Emiko Todaka, Hideoki Fukuoka, Akira Hata, Chisato Mori JOURNAL: Bmj Open PUBLISHERS: group.bmj.com URL: http://bmjopen.bmj.com/	Chiba Study of Mother and Childrens Health (C-Mach). Course Detail Chiba Study of Mother and Childrens Health (C-Mach). R 340.00 \| 3 CEUs Add to Cart Online Course Overview There are recent indications that dramatic changes in social and living conditions have led to an increase in allergy-related and lifestyle-related diseases as well as the emergence of mental health issues. Also, findings from Epidemiological researches that were carried out in European countries reveal that the nutritional environment from the fetal period to early childhood might affect the risks of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in adulthood. This study is therefore a birth cohort study based on the DOHaD hypothesis and involves multiomics analysis. The objective of this study was also to explore the effects of genetic and environmental factors particularly the foetal environment and post birth living environment on children’s health, and to identify potential biomarkers for these effects. The participants of this study were 433 women who were pregnant for less than 13 weeks and underwent an examination in one of the three hospitals that were used for the study. The preliminary outcomes of the study were nevertheless obesity, endocrine and metabolic disorders, as well as developmental disorders. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT AUTHORS: Kenichi Sakurai, Hidenobu Miyaso, Akifumi Eguchi, Yoshiharu Matsuno, Midori Yamamoto, Emiko Todaka, Hideoki Fukuoka, Akira Hata, Chisato Mori JOURNAL: Bmj Open PUBLISHERS: group.bmj.com URL: http://bmjopen.bmj.com/	3	R 340.00
Creating a Culture of Mindfulness in Medicine. Creating a Culture of Mindfulness in Medicine. OVERVIEW It is becoming increasingly complex to provide primary care since there is always the need to frequently address multiple medical issues at each patient visit. However, well-documented challenges faced by primary care clinicians have brought growing awareness to the issues of physician wellness and burnout and the potential subsequent impact on patients. Thus, the objective of this study was to promote the cultivation of mindful awareness throughout our health system, creating a culture of mindfulness in medicine. During this research, a systems-level strategy was developed to promote health and resilience for clinicians and patients by preparing a group of clinician leaders to serve as catalysts to practice and teach mindfulness. The strategy nonetheless included three major steps, namely: (1) Select 5 primary care leaders to help foster mindful¬ness within both health care delivery and education; (2) Provide funds for these leaders to attend advanced mindfulness training designed specifically for clinicians; and (3) Foster mindfulness within our health system and beyond via collaborative planning meetings and seed money for implemen¬tation of projects. Results indicated that all 5 leaders endorsed the personal value of the mindfulness training, with some describ¬ing it as life-changing. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT AUTHOR: Charlene Luchterhand, David Rakel, Cynthia Haq, Lisa Grant, DO, Angela Byars-Winston, Steve Tyska, Kathleen Engles, JOURNAL: Health Innovations PUBLISHER: Health Policy Publishing URL: http://www.healthpolicypublishing.com	Creating a Culture of Mindfulness in Medicine. Course Detail Creating a Culture of Mindfulness in Medicine. R 400.00 \| 3 CEUs Add to Cart Online Course OVERVIEW It is becoming increasingly complex to provide primary care since there is always the need to frequently address multiple medical issues at each patient visit. However, well-documented challenges faced by primary care clinicians have brought growing awareness to the issues of physician wellness and burnout and the potential subsequent impact on patients. Thus, the objective of this study was to promote the cultivation of mindful awareness throughout our health system, creating a culture of mindfulness in medicine. During this research, a systems-level strategy was developed to promote health and resilience for clinicians and patients by preparing a group of clinician leaders to serve as catalysts to practice and teach mindfulness. The strategy nonetheless included three major steps, namely: (1) Select 5 primary care leaders to help foster mindful¬ness within both health care delivery and education; (2) Provide funds for these leaders to attend advanced mindfulness training designed specifically for clinicians; and (3) Foster mindfulness within our health system and beyond via collaborative planning meetings and seed money for implemen¬tation of projects. Results indicated that all 5 leaders endorsed the personal value of the mindfulness training, with some describ¬ing it as life-changing. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT AUTHOR: Charlene Luchterhand, David Rakel, Cynthia Haq, Lisa Grant, DO, Angela Byars-Winston, Steve Tyska, Kathleen Engles, JOURNAL: Health Innovations PUBLISHER: Health Policy Publishing URL: http://www.healthpolicypublishing.com	3	R 400.00
Ebola Virus Disease: Clinical Review. Ebola Virus Disease: Clinical Review. Overview Ebola transmission may occur as a result of close contact with body fluids of infected patients. The incubation period for Ebola after infection is said to be 5-9 days, with a range of 1-21 days in 95% or more of patients,2 3 with the patients not considered infectious until they develop symptoms. This article is therefore a clinical review whose objective is to investigate what makes the differential diagnosis of Ebola broad. This article therefore examines the causes of the Ebola virus as we as the pathophysiology of this infection. This article equally went further to examine the infection prevention and control measures are used to curb the spread of Ebola from one country to another. The hypothesis here was that there is high likelihood of infected people travelling, thus, all countries are expected to have tested and practiced protocols ready for screening and managing Ebola patients. Of course the article also outlined some of the clinical features as well as the symptoms of the virus. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT AUTHORS: Nicholas J Beeching, Manuel Fenech, Catherine F Houlihan JOURNAL: BMJ Open PUBLISHER: The BMJ group URL: http://www.bmj.com	Ebola Virus Disease: Clinical Review. Course Detail Ebola Virus Disease: Clinical Review. R 400.00 \| 3 CEUs Add to Cart Online Course Overview Ebola transmission may occur as a result of close contact with body fluids of infected patients. The incubation period for Ebola after infection is said to be 5-9 days, with a range of 1-21 days in 95% or more of patients,2 3 with the patients not considered infectious until they develop symptoms. This article is therefore a clinical review whose objective is to investigate what makes the differential diagnosis of Ebola broad. This article therefore examines the causes of the Ebola virus as we as the pathophysiology of this infection. This article equally went further to examine the infection prevention and control measures are used to curb the spread of Ebola from one country to another. The hypothesis here was that there is high likelihood of infected people travelling, thus, all countries are expected to have tested and practiced protocols ready for screening and managing Ebola patients. Of course the article also outlined some of the clinical features as well as the symptoms of the virus. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT AUTHORS: Nicholas J Beeching, Manuel Fenech, Catherine F Houlihan JOURNAL: BMJ Open PUBLISHER: The BMJ group URL: http://www.bmj.com	3	R 400.00
Patient Safety Strategies Targeted at Diagnostic Errors. Patient Safety Strategies Targeted at Diagnostic Errors. OVERVIEW It is apparent that missed, delayed or incorrect diagnosis can lead to inappropriate patient care, poor patient outcome and increased cost. An operational definition of diagnostic errors include diagnosis that are either unintentionally delayed, wrong or missed. This study was therefore a systematic review aimed at analysing evaluations of interventions to prevent diagnostic errors. Data for this research was however collected through searches from MEDLINE (1966 to October 2012), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality’s Patient Safety Network, bibliographies, and prior systematic reviews. During the study, two independent reviewers extracted study data and rated study quality. There were 109 studies that addressed 1 or more interventions such as personnel changes. The interventions included educational interventions, technique, structured process changes, technology-based systems interventions as well as review methods. However, evidence seemed strongest for technology-based systems (e.g., text message alerting) as well as specific techniques like testing equipment adaptations. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT AUTHOR: Kathryn M. McDonald MM, Brian Matesic BS, Despina G. Contopoulos-Ioannidis MD, Julia Lonhart BS BA, Eric Schmidt BA, Noelle Pineda BA, and John P.A. Ioannidis MD DSc JOURNAL: Annals of Internal Medicine PUBLISHER: ACP URL: https://www.acponline.org/	Patient Safety Strategies Targeted at Diagnostic Errors. Course Detail Patient Safety Strategies Targeted at Diagnostic Errors. R 400.00 \| 3 CEUs Add to Cart Online Course OVERVIEW It is apparent that missed, delayed or incorrect diagnosis can lead to inappropriate patient care, poor patient outcome and increased cost. An operational definition of diagnostic errors include diagnosis that are either unintentionally delayed, wrong or missed. This study was therefore a systematic review aimed at analysing evaluations of interventions to prevent diagnostic errors. Data for this research was however collected through searches from MEDLINE (1966 to October 2012), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality’s Patient Safety Network, bibliographies, and prior systematic reviews. During the study, two independent reviewers extracted study data and rated study quality. There were 109 studies that addressed 1 or more interventions such as personnel changes. The interventions included educational interventions, technique, structured process changes, technology-based systems interventions as well as review methods. However, evidence seemed strongest for technology-based systems (e.g., text message alerting) as well as specific techniques like testing equipment adaptations. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT AUTHOR: Kathryn M. McDonald MM, Brian Matesic BS, Despina G. Contopoulos-Ioannidis MD, Julia Lonhart BS BA, Eric Schmidt BA, Noelle Pineda BA, and John P.A. Ioannidis MD DSc JOURNAL: Annals of Internal Medicine PUBLISHER: ACP URL: https://www.acponline.org/	3	R 400.00
Placebo effects in trials evaluating 12 selected minimally invasive interventions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Placebo effects in trials evaluating 12 selected minimally invasive interventions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. OVERVIEW The objective of this study was to analyse the impact of placebo effects on outcome in trials of selected minimally invasive procedures and to assess reported adverse events in both trial arms. The design for this study was nonetheless a systematic review and meta-analysis. The data for this study was selected by searching MEDLINE and Cochrane library so as to identify systematic reviews of musculoskeletal, neurological and cardiac conditions that were published between January 2009 and January 2014 comparing selected minimally invasive with placebo (sham) procedures. During this research, effect sizes (ES) in the active and placebo arms in the trials’ primary and pooled secondary end points were calculated. The association between end points in the active and sham groups were nevertheless analysed using the linear regression. This study was however concluded that the generally small differences in ES between active treatment and sham suggest that nonspecific mechanisms, including placebo, are major predictors of the observed effects ACKNOWLEDGEMENT AUTHOR: Robin Holtedahl, Jens Ivar Brox, Ole Tjomsland JOURNAL: Stroke and Vascular Neurology PUBLISHER: BMJ Open URL: http://bmjopen.bmj.com/	Placebo effects in trials evaluating 12 selected minimally invasive interventions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Course Detail Placebo effects in trials evaluating 12 selected minimally invasive interventions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. R 375.00 \| 3 CEUs Add to Cart Online Course OVERVIEW The objective of this study was to analyse the impact of placebo effects on outcome in trials of selected minimally invasive procedures and to assess reported adverse events in both trial arms. The design for this study was nonetheless a systematic review and meta-analysis. The data for this study was selected by searching MEDLINE and Cochrane library so as to identify systematic reviews of musculoskeletal, neurological and cardiac conditions that were published between January 2009 and January 2014 comparing selected minimally invasive with placebo (sham) procedures. During this research, effect sizes (ES) in the active and placebo arms in the trials’ primary and pooled secondary end points were calculated. The association between end points in the active and sham groups were nevertheless analysed using the linear regression. This study was however concluded that the generally small differences in ES between active treatment and sham suggest that nonspecific mechanisms, including placebo, are major predictors of the observed effects ACKNOWLEDGEMENT AUTHOR: Robin Holtedahl, Jens Ivar Brox, Ole Tjomsland JOURNAL: Stroke and Vascular Neurology PUBLISHER: BMJ Open URL: http://bmjopen.bmj.com/	3	R 375.00
Zika Virus Outbreak in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Zika Virus Outbreak in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. OVERVIEW Brazil was faced with the cocirculation of three above viruses of major public health importance in the year 2015. The emergence of the Zika (ZIKV) virus however brought about serious public health challenges to both public health authorities and clinicians. It is however imperative to note that clinical features between diseases caused ZIKV, Dengue (DENV) and Chikungunya (CHIKV) as well as the lack of validated serological assays for ZIKV makes accurate diagnosis difficult. This article was therefore the firs published description of the outbreak of Zika virus in Latin America. Recent findings about Zika virus suggest that in a minority of ZIKV cases, neurological diseases can develop and that babies born from mothers with a ZIKV-illness during pregnancy could suffer from congenital abnormalities such as a small brain or a small head. After analysing the virus, it was then suggested that the clinical characteristics of both the confirmed and the unconfirmed cases proved to be very similar. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT AUTHORS: Patricia Brazil et al JOURNAL: PLOS Negleted Tropical Disease PUBLISHER: PLOS URL: http://journals.plos.o	Zika Virus Outbreak in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Course Detail Zika Virus Outbreak in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. R 375.00 \| 3 CEUs Add to Cart Online Course OVERVIEW Brazil was faced with the cocirculation of three above viruses of major public health importance in the year 2015. The emergence of the Zika (ZIKV) virus however brought about serious public health challenges to both public health authorities and clinicians. It is however imperative to note that clinical features between diseases caused ZIKV, Dengue (DENV) and Chikungunya (CHIKV) as well as the lack of validated serological assays for ZIKV makes accurate diagnosis difficult. This article was therefore the firs published description of the outbreak of Zika virus in Latin America. Recent findings about Zika virus suggest that in a minority of ZIKV cases, neurological diseases can develop and that babies born from mothers with a ZIKV-illness during pregnancy could suffer from congenital abnormalities such as a small brain or a small head. After analysing the virus, it was then suggested that the clinical characteristics of both the confirmed and the unconfirmed cases proved to be very similar. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT AUTHORS: Patricia Brazil et al JOURNAL: PLOS Negleted Tropical Disease PUBLISHER: PLOS URL: http://journals.plos.o	3	R 375.00

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ETHICS & OTHER FEATURED COURSES

Denial of abortion in legal settings.

R 420.00

Denial of abortion in legal settings.

Ebola Virus Disease: Clinical Review.

R 400.00

Ebola Virus Disease: Clinical Review.

Efficacy of Internet-delivered

R 390.00

Efficacy of Internet-delivered

How Does Physical Activity Intervention Improve

R 410.00

How Does Physical Activity Intervention Improve

Medical Ethics: A Private Right Called Bill.

R 400.00

Medical Ethics: A Private Right Called Bill.

Medical Ethics: Challenges in Expanding Access to

R 455.00

Medical Ethics: Challenges in Expanding Access to

Medical Ethics: Communication in the Doctor

R 350.00

Medical Ethics: Communication in the Doctor

Medical Ethics: Decision Making in a Professional

R 350.00

Medical Ethics: Decision Making in a Professional

Medical Ethics: Ethics of the Placebo in Clinical

R 425.00

Medical Ethics: Ethics of the Placebo in Clinical

Medical Ethics: Healthcare Professional’s Patient

R 420.00

Medical Ethics: Healthcare Professional’s Patient

Medical Ethics: How parents and practitioners

R 460.00

Medical Ethics: How parents and practitioners

Medical Ethics: Medical Students’ Perspectives on

R 425.00

Medical Ethics: Medical Students’ Perspectives on

Medical Ethics: The Truth Be Told.

R 420.00

Medical Ethics: The Truth Be Told.

Medical Ethics: Uninformed Consent.

R 320.00

Medical Ethics: Uninformed Consent.

Medical Ethics: What Do International Ethics

R 330.00

Medical Ethics: What Do International Ethics

More than kin, less than kind: one family and the

R 390.00

More than kin, less than kind: one family and the

Pregnancy following robot-assisted laparoscopic

R 435.00

Pregnancy following robot-assisted laparoscopic

Private Practice: The Do's And Don'ts.

R 400.00

Private Practice: The Do's And Don'ts.

Technique for single axillary incision robotic

R 420.00

Technique for single axillary incision robotic

Viral Pneumonia Part 1

R 420.00

Viral Pneumonia Part 1

Zika Virus Outbreak in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

R 375.00

Zika Virus Outbreak in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

ABOUT US

Continuing Professional Development (CPD) programme is designed to assist you as a health practitioner to maintain and develop your academic and professional credentials. It keeps you up-to-date with the latest development and upgrades your knowledge, skills and capabilities enabling you to be effective and compliant.

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cpdexpress offers you a quick, convenient and affordable one-stop-shop platform where you can acquire all your CPD points by means of online courses in order to be compliant with the Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA). CPD points are mandatory in order for you to retain your professional license.

cpdexpress developed an automated platform providing Continuing Professional Development, which Health Care Providers can make use of, from the convenience of their office/home at a time suitable to them.

cpdexpress offers you a wide variety of courses (20-50 per discipline) to select from. Each course is followed by a multiple choice questionnaire (MCQ), which once passed (70% pass rate required), you will obtain CPD points (usually 3 points per course) towards the total number of CPD points required by HPCSA (typically 30 points per annum plus 6 Ethics points which can all be obtained online).

Once the assessment is passed a certificate is issued and will be emailed to you as well as being available to be downloaded immediately or any other time in the future. All the courses which we offer are HPCSA accredited and where applicable health professional can apply for cross accreditation with the AHPCSA.

Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA) randomly audits their registered practitioners and if they are not compliant they have 6 months in which to obtain their CPD points.

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cpdexpress offers you a quick, convenient and affordable one-stop-shop platform where you can acquire CPD points by means of on-line courses. cpdexpress offers you a wide variety of courses (20-50 per discipline) to select from.

All courses which are relevant to your discipline are grouped under one heading. You therefore need to navigate to the discipline, which is relevant to you. To do that simply start typing the name of your discipline (e.g. General Practitioner, Paramedics, Physiotherapy ...) in the search bar and as you start typing the predictive search feature will immediately start displaying the relevant disciplines.

Click on the correct discipline and you the courses which are relevant to you will be displayed. You may purchase individual courses at competitive prices or one of our package deals at a significantly reduced rate if you elect to acquire all 30 CPD points (typically 10 courses), or 15 or 9 CPD point packages if that better suits your needs.

Once you select the courses or the package which suit your needs you will be able to attend the online course and exams. When you are ready to purchase your certificate of accreditation for that particular course/s you will be required to follow a simple registration process (email, title, name, practice number…). It is important to pay careful attention to the details you enter as the certificate for the courses attended online will be issued accordingly. You will then have the option of buying a "credit package" if you haven't already done so, or to use available credits for the course, or to purchase the course using a credit card. If you are purchasing a package or a course you will then be directed to a secure payment page where you will be offered a variety of payment options. Once your payment is successfully processed you will be able to attend the online courses at your leisure. Each course is followed by a multiple choice questionnaire (MCQ), which once passed (70% pass rate required), you will obtain CPD points (usually 3 points per course) towards the total number of CPD points required by HPCSA (typically 30 points per annum plus 6 Ethics points which points are valid for 2 years). If you fail the exam you will have two more attempts to pass at no additional costs. HPCSA allows a maximum of 3 attempts to pass an exam.

Once the assessment is passed a certificate is issued and is available to be downloaded immediately or any time in the future. The CPD Certificate will be issued to the name and HPCSA Registration Number which you provided on registration, you therefore need to make sure that both the name and the HPCSA number entered are correct.

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Medical ethics: Ethical Guidelines to Social Media

Course Detail

Medical ethics: Ethical Guidelines to Social Media

Medical Ethics: Ethical Guidelines for the Withholding and Withdrawing of Treatment

Course Detail

Medical Ethics: Ethical Guidelines for the Withholding and Withdrawing of Treatment

Medical Ethics: Artificial Intelligence Ethics – Too Principled to Fail?

Course Detail

Medical Ethics: Artificial Intelligence Ethics – Too Principled to Fail?

Medical Ethics: What is the place for philosophy within the field of medicine? A review of contemporary issues in medical ethics

Course Detail

Medical Ethics: What is the place for philosophy within the field of medicine? A review of contemporary issues in medical ethics

Medical Ethics: Medical Students’ Perspectives on Euthanasia and Physician Assisted Suicide and Their Views on Legalising These Practices in SA

Course Detail

Medical Ethics: Medical Students’ Perspectives on Euthanasia and Physician Assisted Suicide and Their Views on Legalising These Practices in SA

Medical Ethics: Challenges in Expanding Access to Dialysis in South Africa—Expensive Modalities, Cost Constraints and Human Rights

Course Detail

Medical Ethics: Challenges in Expanding Access to Dialysis in South Africa—Expensive Modalities, Cost Constraints and Human Rights

Medical Ethics: Because I want to be informed, to be part of the decision-making”: Patients’ insights on informed consent practices by healthcare professionals in South Africa

Course Detail

Medical Ethics: Because I want to be informed, to be part of the decision-making”: Patients’ insights on informed consent practices by healthcare professionals in South Africa

Medical Ethics: Ethical considerations in forensic genetics research on tissue samples collected post-mortem in Cape Town, South Africa.

Course Detail

Medical Ethics: Ethical considerations in forensic genetics research on tissue samples collected post-mortem in Cape Town, South Africa.

Medical Ethics: Sex differences in medico-legal action against doctors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Course Detail

Medical Ethics: Sex differences in medico-legal action against doctors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Medical Ethics: A Private Right Called Bill.

Course Detail

Medical Ethics: A Private Right Called Bill.

Medical Ethics: Communication in the Doctor Patient Relationship.

Course Detail

Medical Ethics: Communication in the Doctor Patient Relationship.

Medical Ethics: Decision Making in a Professional Practice.

Course Detail

Medical Ethics: Decision Making in a Professional Practice.

Medical Ethics: Ethics of the Placebo in Clinical Practice.

Course Detail

Medical Ethics: Ethics of the Placebo in Clinical Practice.

Medical Ethics: Healthcare Professional’s Patient Relationship.

Course Detail

Medical Ethics: Healthcare Professional’s Patient Relationship.

Medical Ethics: How parents and practitioners experience research without consent involving Children with life threatening conditions.

Course Detail

Medical Ethics: How parents and practitioners experience research without consent involving Children with life threatening conditions.

Medical Ethics: The Truth Be Told.

Course Detail

Medical Ethics: The Truth Be Told.

Medical Ethics: Uninformed Consent.

Course Detail

Medical Ethics: Uninformed Consent.

Medical Ethics: What Do International Ethics Guidelines Say In Terms of The Scope of Medical Research Ethics

Course Detail

Medical Ethics: What Do International Ethics Guidelines Say In Terms of The Scope of Medical Research Ethics

QTc interval prolongation during favipiravir therapy in an Ebolavirus-infected patient

Course Detail

QTc interval prolongation during favipiravir therapy in an Ebolavirus-infected patient

Ebolaviruses: New roles for old proteins

Course Detail

Ebolaviruses: New roles for old proteins

Characteristics and predictors for Gastro-intestinal haemorrhage among adult patients with dengue virus infection: Emphasizing the impact of existing comorbid disease(s).

Course Detail

Characteristics and predictors for Gastro-intestinal haemorrhage among adult patients with dengue virus infection: Emphasizing the impact of existing comorbid disease(s).

Structure and assembly of the Ebola virus nucleocapsid

Course Detail

Structure and assembly of the Ebola virus nucleocapsid

Establishing Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) diagnostics using GeneXpert technology at a mobile laboratory in Liberia: Impact on outbreak response, case management and laboratory systems strengthening

Course Detail

Establishing Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) diagnostics using GeneXpert technology at a mobile laboratory in Liberia: Impact on outbreak response, case management and laboratory systems strengthening

Characterization of Influenza Virus Pseudotyped with Ebolavirus Glycoprotein

Course Detail

Characterization of Influenza Virus Pseudotyped with Ebolavirus Glycoprotein

Soil-transmitted helminth infection, loss of education and cognitive impairment in school-aged children: systematic review Overview

Course Detail

Soil-transmitted helminth infection, loss of education and cognitive impairment in school-aged children: systematic review Overview

Denial of abortion in legal settings.

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Denial of abortion in legal settings.

Chiba Study of Mother and Childrens Health (C-Mach).

Course Detail

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