 | | HIV and Aids Part 2 | HIV and Aids Part 2
Overview
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a virus transmitted through sexual contact, shared needles, and from mother to child during childbirth or breastfeeding. It belongs to the Retroviridae family. All patients who are diagnosed with HIV should be initiated on ART as soon as possible.
HIV can also lead to complications like dementia and chronic diarrhea with weight loss (HIV wasting syndrome).
Exceptions to this include patients presenting with cryptococcal meningitis (CM) or central nervous system tuberculosis (tuberculous meningitis (TBM) or tuberculoma).
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| | HIV and Aids Part 1 | HIV and Aids Part 1
Overview
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a virus transmitted through sexual contact, shared needles, and from mother to child during childbirth or breastfeeding. It belongs to the Retroviridae family. Symptoms vary depending on the stage of infection and these include: - Acute stage, which resembles the flu, with fever, malaise, and a generalized rash;
- Asymptomatic stage which generally, has no symptoms.
- Lymphadenopathy, which presents with swelling of lymph nodes, which can be a primary symptom.
- AIDs, which is the advanced stage marked by severe infections or cancers.
HIV can also lead to complications like dementia and chronic diarrhea with weight loss (HIV wasting syndrome).
Sharespike Knowledge Studio | 3 | | R485.00 | |
| | Ebola Virus Infection | Ebola Virus Infection
Overview
Ebola virus is one of at least 30 known viruses capable of causing viral hemorrhagic fever syndrome. The genus Ebolavirus currently is classified into 5 separate species: Sudan ebolavirus, Zaire ebolavirus, Tai Forest (Ivory Coast) ebolavirus, Reston ebolavirus, and Bundibugyo ebolavirus. The outbreak of Ebola virus disease in West Africa from 2014 to 2016, involving Zaire ebolavirus, was the largest outbreak of Ebola virus disease in history.
As of September 17, 2019, an active outbreak of Ebola virus disease in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) had resulted in 3,034 confirmed and 111 probable cases of Ebola virus disease, including 2,103 attributable deaths. An experimental vaccine has been credited with limiting the outbreak’s scope.
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| | Pre-hospital Endotracheal Intubation in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Ventilation Targets and Mortality—a Retrospective Study of 308 Patients | Pre-hospital Endotracheal Intubation in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Ventilation Targets and Mortality—a Retrospective Study of 308 Patients
Pre-hospital Endotracheal Intubation in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Ventilation Targets and Mortality—a Retrospective Study of 308 Patients
Overview Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains one of the main causes of mortality and long-term disability worldwide. Maintaining physiology of brain tissue to the greatest extent possible through optimal management of blood pressure, airway, ventilation, and oxygenation, improves patient outcome. We studied the quality of prehospital care in severe TBI patients by analysing adherence to recommended target ranges for ventilation and blood pressure, prehospital time expenditure, and their effect on mortality, as well as quality of prehospital ventilation assessed by arterial partial pressure of CO2 (PaCO2) at hospital admission. Normocapnia at hospital admission was strongly associated with reduced probability of mortality. Prehospital and on scene times had no impact on mortality. Conclusions PaCO2 at hospital admission is strongly associated with mortality risk, but normocapnia is achieved only in a minority of patients. Therefore, the time required for placement of an arterial cannula and prehospital blood gas analysis may be warranted in severe TBI patients requiring on-scene tracheal intubation.
Journal Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine Volume 31 Issue 46 | 3 | | R420.00 | |
| | Diagnostic performance of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein and Prehospital Stroke Scale for identification of stroke and stroke subtypes in an unselected patient cohort with symptom onset < 4.5 h | Diagnostic performance of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein and Prehospital Stroke Scale for identification of stroke and stroke subtypes in an unselected patient cohort with symptom onset < 4.5 h
Diagnostic performance of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein and Prehospital Stroke Scale for identification of stroke and stroke subtypes in an unselected patient cohort with symptom onset < 4.5 h
Overview Rapid treatment of stroke is critical for patient outcomes. This study examined glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) alone and with the Prehospital Stroke Score (PreSS) for identifying acute stroke within 4.5 hours of symptom onset. Clinical data and serum samples were collected from Treat-NASPP. Patients with suspected stroke and symptoms lasting = 4.5 hours had blood samples taken and were evaluated using NIHSS. NIHSS was later translated into PreSS, and GFAP was measured with SIMOA. Results showed GFAP alone identified ICrH in unselected patients. When combined with PreSS, GFAP identified subgroups with high proportions of stroke mimics, ICrH, LVO, and AIS (non-LVO strokes). Journal Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 2023 31:1
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| | Neural Changes in Children with Residual Speech Sound Disorder After Ultrasound Biofeedback Speech Therapy | Neural Changes in Children with Residual Speech Sound Disorder After Ultrasound Biofeedback Speech Therapy
Neural Changes in Children with Residual Speech Sound Disorder After Ultrasound Biofeedback Speech Therapy
Overview Speech production involves coordination of multiple, complex linguistic and physiological processes that are mediated by the brain. Neuroimaging research has computationally and anatomically identified a network of neural correlates for these processes. Consistently, speech production tasks have been shown to rely on inferior frontal and superior temporal cortices, as well as precentral gyrus, inferior parietal cortex, and basal ganglia (Guenther, 2006; Irwin et al., 2011). However, less is known about potential differences in neural mechanisms associated with speech sound disorders, or how these mechanisms may change with behavioural therapy. The purpose of this study is to explore neural activity and neural connectivity during a simple speech production task for children with residual speech sound disorders (RSSD) before and after treatment Children with residual speech sound disorders (RSSD) have shown differences in neural function for speech production, as compared to their typical peers; however, information about how these differences may change over time and relative to speech therapy is needed. To address this gap, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine functional activation and connectivity on adaptations of the syllable repetition task (SRT-Early Sounds and SRT-Late Sounds) in children with RSSD before and after a speech therapy program. In conclusion, RSSD and treatment with ultrasound visual feedback may thus be associated with neural differences in speech motor and visual association pro-cesses recruited for speech production.
Journal Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Researc Volume 66 Issue 9
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| | Effectiveness of speech therapy in treating vocal blocking tics in children with Tourette syndrome: Two case reports | Effectiveness of speech therapy in treating vocal blocking tics in children with Tourette syndrome: Two case reports
Effectiveness of speech therapy in treating vocal blocking tics in children with Tourette syndrome: Two case reports
Overview A tic is a sudden, rapid, recurrent, and non-rhythmic motor movement or vocalization, which can be distinguished from other involuntary movements by its typical clinical characteristics. Tics are commonly sparse, but in some patients, they can be almost continuous. The frequency, intensity, number, complexity, and type of tics typically “wax and wane.” Tics can be situational, and they can be temporarily controlled. There is often a premonitory urge or tension preceding tics, which means a person’s ability to sense in advance that a tic is about to occur. The level of this urge varies across patients. Tourette syndrome is characterized by at least two motor tics and one vocal tic, which persist for over a year. Infrequently, tics can manifest as blocking tics in speech when they prevent a person from starting to speak or interrupt their speech flow. Vocal blocking tics (VBTs) resemble stuttering, and they can be difficult to differentiate from each other. A previous report described two patients with severe VBTs who did not benefit from stuttering-therapy-based speech therapy and were treated effectively with cannabis-based medicine. Here, we present the cases of two patients, seven- and nine-year-old boys, who benefited from speech therapy in which stuttering therapy techniques were used. Detailed descriptions of the interventions are included. Further research is needed to test the effectiveness of speech therapy in treating VBTs in a larger group of children with Tourette syndrome.
Journal Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry | 3 | | R475.00 | |
| | Social Communication Delay in an Unbiased Sample of Preschoolers with the FMR1 Premutation | Social Communication Delay in an Unbiased Sample of Preschoolers with the FMR1 Premutation
Social Communication Delay in an Unbiased Sample of Preschoolers with the FMR1 Premutation
Overview The FMR1 premutation (FXpm) involves CGG expansions of 55-200 repeats and is linked to health issues like FXTAS and FXPOI. FXTAS affects 40% of males and 15% of females with FXpm, while FXPOI affects 20%-30% of affected women. Neuropsychiatric symptoms such as anxiety, mood disorders, and social challenges are also common in FXpm individuals. Despite its prevalence in the general population (1:151-291 females and 1:468-845 males), most FXpm carriers remain unaware of their genetic status due to lack of population screening. Understanding the clinical phenotype during childhood has been limited, thus hindering the development of clinical guidelines for screening and intervention. This study aims to explore the social communication profile of children with the FXpm, given that social communication difficulties in adults with FXpm are well-documented and linked to reduced psychosocial functioning. By characterizing these challenges during early childhood, the study seeks to emphasize the importance of early screening and intervention to improve outcomes.
Journal Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research | 3 | | R485.00 | |
| | Dementia and Hearing Aid Use and Cessation: A National Study | Dementia and Hearing Aid Use and Cessation: A National Study
Dementia and Hearing Aid Use and Cessation: A National Study
Overview Hearing loss is common among older adults, affecting about two-thirds of those aged 70 and over, and up to 80% of those over 80. While often considered a benign aspect of aging, hearing loss is linked to significant health issues such as cognitive decline, poor mental health, and decreased physical function. The primary treatment for hearing loss in the United States is the use of hearing aids. However, the effectiveness of hearing aids in individuals with dementia is less clear, with limited national data on their use and cessation. This study utilized data from the National Health and Aging Trends Study to track hearing aid use among participants over a nine-year period. Researchers aimed to determine whether individuals with dementia were more likely to stop using hearing aids compared to those without dementia. They employed generalized estimating equations logistic regression to account for loss to follow-up and conducted supplemental analyses to examine the impact of caregiving and environmental factors on hearing aid cessation. The findings indicated that older adults with dementia were more likely to discontinue hearing aid use over time, particularly within the first year of adoption. This suggests that dementia significantly influences the continued use of hearing aids. The study highlights the need for strategies to support hearing aid use among those with dementia, such as self-management programs or education for caregivers, to improve communication for individuals facing both hearing loss and cognitive decline.
Journal American Journal of Audiology | 3 | | R485.00 | |
| | Effectiveness of remotely delivered speech therapy in persons with Parkinson’s disease – a randomised controlled trial | Effectiveness of remotely delivered speech therapy in persons with Parkinson’s disease – a randomised controlled trial
Effectiveness of remotely delivered speech therapy in persons with Parkinson’s disease – a randomised controlled trial
Overview Evidence supports the benefits of speech therapy in Parkinson's disease, but multiple in-person treatments present challenges for patients. This study assessed the effectiveness of remotely delivered and personalized speech therapy on improving quality of life and speech quality for individuals with Parkinson's disease. Up to 70% of individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) may face issues with speech intelligibility due to hypokinetic dysarthria, impacting social interaction and quality of life. Hypokinetic speech is characterized by a soft, monotonous voice and small articulation movements, which deteriorate when fatigued. Since pharmacological treatment offers limited improvement, speech therapy is the preferred option to enhance speech quality and intelligibility. It is considered an integral part of comprehensive care for PD at all stages of the disease. Recent systematic reviews indicate increasing evidence for the effectiveness of speech therapy in PD. However, further research is required to explore its full potential due to limitations in previous studies, including small sample sizes and short follow-up periods. Additionally, outcome measures used in prior studies were suboptimal due to their limited clinical relevance. Generalizability was also restricted because most participants had mild to moderate PD, excluding those with more advanced stages of the disease. Personalized remote speech therapy improved communication-related quality of life, though it did not enhance overall quality of life. Journal eClinicalMedicine Volume 11 Issue 76 | 3 | | R460.00 | |
| | Associations of Symptom Severity of Mentally ill parents on family functioning and children’s mental health | Associations of Symptom Severity of Mentally ill parents on family functioning and children’s mental health
Associations of Symptom Severity of Mentally ill parents on family functioning and children’s mental health
Overview Parental mental illness has a negative impact on children’s mental health. Often, the entire family structure suffers from the consequences of parental illness. The consequences of mental illness impact not only the affected persons themselves, but also the family environment (Perez et al., 2018). Especially children of mentally ill parents have been studied regarding their risk for psychopathology. Children of families with parents with mental illness also use a broad spectrum of mental health care, school-based support, and youth welfare services even if they are not yet diagnosed as having a mental disorder. Parental mental health problems constitute a significant risk for children’s mental health. Children of mentally ill parents have a significantly increased risk of developing a mental illness over the course of their childhood or adolescence compared to the general population. If a parent suffers from mental illness, the child is two to three times more likely to be mentally ill as well, with the risk elevating to a fivefold when both parents are affected The results of this study s underline the importance of personalized interventions in terms of parental symptom severity to minimize negative outcomes for children and the whole family.
Journal: Psychology 2024
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| | Effect of group sand play therapy on psychopathologies of adolescents with delinquent behaviours | Effect of group sand play therapy on psychopathologies of adolescents with delinquent behaviours
Effect of group sand play therapy on psychopathologies of adolescents with delinquent behaviours
Overview Adolescence is a period in which drastic changes occur in physiological, emotional, and cognitive aspects of development. Adolescents often express diverse conflicts and confusions stemming from physical changes, identity establishment, and environmental adaptation processes, which manifest as various problematic behaviours. These developmental conflicts often make adolescents vulnerable to delinquency and deviant behaviours. Glueck and Glueck investigated the differences between 500 delinquent adolescents and 500 typical adolescents from Boston, along parameters including relationship with parents, personality, and temperament, and suggested that individual traits such as defiance, impulsiveness, and emotional instability are predictors of delinquency. Prior research has established adolescent vulnerability to delinquent behaviour. This single arm, noninterventional, observational study investigated the effect of sand play therapy on the psychopathologies of adolescents with delinquent behaviour. A total of 68 adolescents participated in the study. Results of this study showed that group sand play therapy is effective in improving internalizing problems such as depression and anxiety, as well as externalizing problems of ADHD features and impulsiveness among adolescents with deviant behaviours.
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| | MR Imaging of Carotid Artery Atherosclerosis: Updated Evidence on High-Risk Plaque Features and Emerging Trends | MR Imaging of Carotid Artery Atherosclerosis: Updated Evidence on High-Risk Plaque Features and Emerging Trends
MR Imaging of Carotid Artery Atherosclerosis: Updated Evidence on High-Risk Plaque Features and Emerging Trends
Overview
MR imaging is well-established as the criterion standard for carotid artery atherosclerosis imaging. The capability of MR imaging to differentiate numerous plaque components has been demonstrated, including those features that are associated with a high risk of sudden changes, thrombosis, or embolization. The field of carotid plaque MR imaging is constantly evolving, with continued
insight into the imaging appearance and implications of various vulnerable plaque characteristics. This article will review the most up-to-date knowledge of these high-risk plaque features on MR imaging and will delve into 2 major emerging topics: the role of vulnerable plaques in cryptogenic strokes and the potential use of MR imaging to modify carotid endarterectomy treatment guidelines.
Journal
American Journal of Neuroradiology
Citation
Benson, J. C., Saba, L., Bathla, G., Brinjikji, W., Nardi, V., & Lanzino, G. (2023). MR Imaging of Carotid Artery Atherosclerosis: Updated Evidence on High-Risk Plaque Features and Emerging Trends. AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology, 44(8), 880–888. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A7921 | 3 | | R485.00 | |
| | Autism Spectrum Screening Checklist (ASSC): The Development of a Scale to Identify High-Risk Individuals within the Children’s Mental Health System | Autism Spectrum Screening Checklist (ASSC): The Development of a Scale to Identify High-Risk Individuals within the Children’s Mental Health System
Autism Spectrum Screening Checklist (ASSC): The Development of a Scale to Identify High-Risk Individuals within the Children’s Mental Health System
Overview Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex childhood onset neurodevelopmental disorder that has become the fastest growing developmental disability. Due to the increased demand for diagnostic assessments and subsequent increased wait times, standardized screening as part of regular clinical practice is needed. More specifically there is an important need for the development of a more streamlined screening tool within an existing assessment system to identify those at greatest risk of having ASD. The ASSC scale provides an initial screen to help identify children and youth at heightened risk for autism within larger populations being assessed as part of routine practice. The main goal for the development and implementation of the ASSC scale is to harness the power of the existing interRAl assessment system to provide a more efficient, effective screening and referral process. This will ultimately help improve patient outcomes through needs-based care.
Journal Frontiers in Psychiatry Volume 12 | 3 | | R495.00 | |
| | Learning Disabilities Elevate Children’s Risk for Behavioral-Emotional Problems | Learning Disabilities Elevate Children’s Risk for Behavioral-Emotional Problems
Learning Disabilities Elevate Children’s Risk for Behavioral-Emotional Problems
Overview
Our purpose was to study the frequency of behavioural-emotional problems among children identified with a learning disability (LD).
The study analysed the effect of the severity of LD and gender on the number of behavioural-emotional symptoms reported by teachers and parents. Alarmingly high percentages of children, irrespective of LD type, demonstrated behavioural-emotional problems: more than 37% in Affective, Anxiety, and Attention- Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) problems. Contextual variation was large, as more problems were reported by teachers than by mothers. The unique effects of gender and LD type were rare, but the results raised concern for those with MD-only, especially boys. The results underscore the need to draw attention to the importance of assessing children with LD for behavioural-emotional problems and emphasize the importance of teachers’ awareness of behavioural-emotional problems among students with LD and cooperation among child, teacher, and parents in assessment and support planning.
Journal: Journal of learning Disabilities 2022 Volume 55 Issue 6
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| | Relationship between chronic disease and depression: the mediating effect of pain | Relationship between chronic disease and depression: the mediating effect of pain
Relationship between chronic disease and depression: the mediating effect of pain
Overview The incidence of depression was high in people who were female, less educated, unmarried, living in rural areas, and working. Chronic diseases have a high incidence in China and may cause pain and depression. However, the association of chronic diseases with pain and the incidence of depression has not been comprehensively investigated.
The study population was obtained from the 2015 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). The main outcome was the incidence of depression. The main independent variable was chronic disease (no chronic disease, one chronic disease, and two or more chronic diseases). The mediators were the degree of pain (no pain, mild pain, and moderate to severe pain) and whether measures were taken to relieve pain (measures taken and no measures taken). In conclusion the degree of pain had a partial mediating effect on chronic disease and depression. Pain relief measures should be considered when treating patients with depression.
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| | Patients with Multiple Sclerosis in Psychotherapy: Processes of Meaning Making and Self Transformation | Patients with Multiple Sclerosis in Psychotherapy: Processes of Meaning Making and Self Transformation
Patients with Multiple Sclerosis in Psychotherapy: Processes of Meaning Making and Self Transformation
MS is a central nervous system disease which is characterised by demyelination, inflammation and neurodegeneration. There are about 2.2 million cases of MS worldwide.
The progression of the illness exhibits significant individual variation ranging from vision problems, fatigue, spasticity and pain to cognitive dysfunction and mood disorders
Recent empirical literature on autoimmune diseases has focused extensively on the implementation and evaluation of psychosocial interventions. Psychotherapy and counselling processes for multiple sclerosis (MS) have gained special attention given the cognitive and behavioural dimensions of the symptoms as well as their unpredictable course. The current study aims to gain a deeper understanding of the meaning making processes for persons with MS (PwMS) who are in psychotherapy treatment.
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| | Acceptability and deliverability of an auditory rhythmical cueing (ARC) training programme for use at home and outdoors to improve gait and physical activity post-stroke | Acceptability and deliverability of an auditory rhythmical cueing (ARC) training programme for use at home and outdoors to improve gait and physical activity post-stroke
Acceptability and deliverability of an auditory rhythmical cueing (ARC) training programme for use at home and outdoors to improve gait and physical activity post-stroke
Overview Although laboratory studies demonstrate that training programmes using auditory rhythmical cueing (ARC) may improve gait post-stroke, few studies have evaluated this intervention in the home and outdoors where deployment may be more appropriate. This manuscript reports stakeholder refinement of an ARC gait and balance training programme for use at home and outdoors, and a study which assessed acceptability and deliverability of this programme. Programme design and content were refined during stakeholder workshops involving physiotherapists and stroke survivors. A two-group acceptability and deliverability study was then undertaken. It was concluded that an ARC gait and balance training programme refined by key stakeholders was feasible to deliver and acceptable to participants and providers.
Archives of Physiotherapy Vol. 12, Issue 1 | 3 | | R485.00 | |
| | A 20-Year Review of Biomechanical Experimental Studies on Spine Implants used for Percutaneous Surgical Repair of Vertebral Compression Fractures | A 20-Year Review of Biomechanical Experimental Studies on Spine Implants used for Percutaneous Surgical Repair of Vertebral Compression Fractures
A 20-Year Review of Biomechanical Experimental Studies on Spine Implants used for Percutaneous Surgical Repair of Vertebral Compression Fractures
A vertebral compression fracture (VCF) is an injury to a vertebra of the spine affecting the cortical walls and/or middle cancellous section. The most common risk factor for a VCF is osteoporosis, thus predisposing the elderly and postmenopausal women to this injury.
This article reviews over 20 years of scientific literature that has experimentally evaluated the biomechanics of percutaneous VCF repair methods. Specifically, this article describes the basic operating principles of the repair methods, the study protocols used to experimentally assess their biomechanical performance, and the actual biomechanical data measured, as well as giving several recommendations for future research directions.
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| | Motion of lumbar endplate in degenerative lumbar scoliosis with different cobb angle in vivo: Reflecting the biomechanics of the lumbar disc | Motion of lumbar endplate in degenerative lumbar scoliosis with different cobb angle in vivo: Reflecting the biomechanics of the lumbar disc
Motion of lumbar endplate in degenerative lumbar scoliosis with different cobb angle in vivo: Reflecting the biomechanics of the lumbar disc
Degenerative lumbar scoliosis (DLS) was defined as a coronal Cobb angle greater than 10°. DLS is a de novo scoliosis with no previous history and is mainly related to age with an incidence of up to 60%. DLS can cause severe symptoms, such as low back pain, radiculopathy, and neurogenic claudication. The pathogenesis of DLS is both complex and controversial. Intervertebral disc degeneration (DD) has also been implicated in the development of DLS.
This study explored the ROM of the lumbar vertebral endplate in vivo to reflect disc deformation using a dual fluoroscopic imaging system. It was reported that the repeatability of the method in reproducing in vivo human spine 6 degree of freedom. Intervertebral DD is believed to have a detrimental effect on the ROM of the spinal segments in degenerative scoliosis.
The study also aimed to investigate the relationship between DD and the ROM of the lumbar vertebral endplates in patients with DLS. We hypothesized that the ROM of the lumbar endplate would be different in DLS patients with different Cobb angles. DD can increase the ROM of the lumbar vertebral endplate in patients with DLS. | 3 | | R425.00 | |
| | Nerve and Arterial Supply Pattern of the Popliteus Muscle and Clinical Implications | Nerve and Arterial Supply Pattern of the Popliteus Muscle and Clinical Implications
Nerve and Arterial Supply Pattern of the Popliteus Muscle and Clinical Implications
The popliteus muscle (PM) is a small muscle that acts as a major posterolateral stabilizer of the knee joint, rotating the tibia medially under the femur under non-weightbearing conditions. As the PM acts as an important factor in the movement and injury of the knee joint, anatomical studies have been conducted with a focus on the femoral attachment of the muscle.
Muscular spasticity is common in upper motor neuron syndrome. Injection treatment is applied as PM spasticity has been confirmed in many patients with in-toeing. One of the treatment methods, botulinum toxin, is known to have a long-lasting effect when injected into a site where the neuromuscular junction is dense. It is also effective when injected near the motor entry point where the nerve enters the muscle belly. Thus, a suitable injection site is thought to be the tibial region because the muscle belly is the upper portion on the tibial area on the posterior aspect. In this study, we speculated about the injection site of the PM based on the above reasoning. An alternative method is the accurate palpation of the PM, which is necessary for posture correction therapy.
The aim of this study was to investigate the nerve and artery supply and the tibial attachment of the popliteus muscle using anatomical methods.
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| | The Relationship Between Additional Heads of the Quadriceps Femoris, the Vasti Muscles, and the Patellar Ligament | The Relationship Between Additional Heads of the Quadriceps Femoris, the Vasti Muscles, and the Patellar Ligament
The Relationship Between Additional Heads of the Quadriceps Femoris, the Vasti Muscles, and the Patellar Ligament
Overview
The quadriceps femoris consists of four muscles: the rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, and vastus lateralis. However, the effect of additional quadriceps femoris heads on the vasti muscles and patellar ligaments is unknown. The quadriceps femoris muscle (QF) is important in locomotion; the rectus femoris (RF) swings the leg forward when a step is taken. During walking or running, quadriceps muscles such as the vastus medialis (VM) stabilize the patella and knee joint. The QF is important in sport owing to its potential for injury, which can be painful and debilitating.
The aims of the present study are to determine the relationship between additional quadriceps femoris heads and the vasti muscles and patellar ligaments and to review the morphology of the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius.
Journal
Hindawi BioMed Research International
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| | Five-Minute Cognitive Test as A New Quick Screening of Cognitive Impairment in the Elderly | Five-Minute Cognitive Test as A New Quick Screening of Cognitive Impairment in the Elderly
Five-Minute Cognitive Test as A New Quick Screening of Cognitive Impairment in the Elderly
Overview
As old population is dramatically growing, the detection of early cognitive deficit will become increasingly crucial. Effective cognitive screening test with quick and convenient merits will ensure recognition of early cognitive deficit and timely intervention. This study aims to develop a new evaluation method for quickly and conveniently screening cognitive impairment in the elderly.
The five-minute cognitive test (FCT) was designed to capture deficits in five domains of cognitive abilities, including episodic memory, language fluency, time orientation, visuospatial function, and executive function. Subsequently, FCT efficiencies in differentiating normally cognitive ability from cognitive impairment were explored and compared with that of the Mini-Mental Status Evaluation (MMSE). Equipercentile equating method was utilized to create a crosswalk between scores of the FCT and MMSE. Further, the association of scores of the FCT and MMSE with hippocampal volumes was investigated.
Many screening tools are currently available, but no tools meet the four important requirements for widespread use in clinical practice or large-scale epidemiological studies — that is, capture a clinically acceptable range of cognitive domains, take short time to administrate (around 5 minutes), have high accuracy for detecting cognitive impairment, and incorporate visual recall, which is the earliest deficits in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients. The FCT is a novel, reliable, and valid cognitive screening test for the detection of dementia at early stages.
Journal
JKL International LLC Aging and Disease Volume 10, Number 6 URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6844584/pdf/ad-10-6-1258.pdf | 3 | | R425.00 | |
| | Exercise Interventions in Child and Adolescent Mental Health Care: An overview of the evidence and recommendations for implementation | Exercise Interventions in Child and Adolescent Mental Health Care: An overview of the evidence and recommendations for implementation
Exercise Interventions in Child and Adolescent Mental Health Care: An overview of the evidence and recommendations for implementation
Overview
The poor physical health of people with mental illness has long been established. A 15–20-year mortality gap arises from factors such as the likelihood of developing noncommunicable diseases, unhealthy lifestyle behaviors, reduced access to and provision of physical health care, and side-effects of medication.
This has been labeled an international human rights scandal, since a large proportion of this risk is preventable. In recognition of these disparities, international health bodies have produced guidance to address poor physical health, including the World Health Organization, World Psychiatric Association, and a Lancet Psychiatry Commission.
The use of physical activity interventions in mental health care for adults has a large academic evidence base and numerous examples of real-world implementation. However, the use of physical activity within mental health care for children and young people (CYP) has received less attention to date.
The key conclusions from this article, suggest there is an increasingly strong evidence base for the benefits of using physical activity interventions to improve, prevent, and manage physical and mental health outcomes in CYP with mental illness. However, more work needs to be done to improve the evidence base, refine its implementation into standard mental health care, and develop strategies for large-scale dissemination of such interventions across various care and cultural contexts.
The Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health JCPP Advances | 3 | | R485.00 | |
| | Amygdala pathology in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and primary lateral Sclerosis | Amygdala pathology in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and primary lateral Sclerosis
Amygdala pathology in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and primary lateral Sclerosis
Overview Temporal lobe studies in motor neuron disease overwhelmingly focus on white matter alterations and cortical grey matter atrophy. Reports on amygdala involvement are conflicting and the amygdala is typically evaluated as single structure despite consisting of several functionally and cytologically distinct nuclei. A prospective, single-centre, neuroimaging study was undertaken to comprehensively characterise amygdala pathology in 100 genetically stratified ALS patients, 33 patients with PLS and 117 healthy controls. Our findings highlight that the amygdala is affected in ALS and our study demonstrates the selective involvement of specific nuclei as opposed to global atrophy. The genotype-specific patterns of amygdala involvement identified by this study are consistent with the growing literature of extra-motor clinical features. Mesial temporal lobe pathology in ALS is not limited to hippocampal pathology but, as a key hub of the limbic system, the amygdala is also affected in ALS.
Authors Rangariroyashe H. Chipikaa, Foteini Christidia, Eoin Finegan, Stacey Li Hi Shing, Mary Clare McKenna, Kai Ming Chang, Efstratios Karavasilis, Mark A. Doherty, Jennifer C. Hengeveld, Alice Vajda, Niall Pender, Siobhan Hutchinson, Colette Donaghy, Russell L. McLaughlin, Orla Hardiman, Peter Bede
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| | Blood-brain barrier pathology in patients with severe mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of biomarkers in case-control studies | Blood-brain barrier pathology in patients with severe mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of biomarkers in case-control studies
Blood-brain barrier pathology in patients with severe mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of biomarkers in case-control studies
Overview Blood-brain barrier (BBB) pathology may be associated with mental disorders. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to identify, evaluate and summarize available evidence on whether potential biomarkers of BBB pathology are altered in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, major depression and bipolar disorder compared to healthy controls. The findings implicate occurrence of BBB pathology in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, major depression and bipolar disorder compared to healthy controls. However, definite conclusions cannot be drawn, mainly because the investigated biomarkers are indirect measures of BBB pathology.
Authors Jesper Futtrup, Rebecca Margolinsky, Michael Eriksen Benros, Torben Moos, Lisa Juul Routhe, Jørgen Rungby, Jesper Krogh
Journal Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health | 3 | | R400.00 | |
| | Neurological manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection in hospitalised children and adolescents in the UK: a prospective national cohort study | Neurological manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection in hospitalised children and adolescents in the UK: a prospective national cohort study
Neurological manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection in hospitalised children and adolescents in the UK: a prospective national cohort study
Overview The spectrum of neurological and psychiatric complications associated with paediatric SARS-CoV-2 infection is poorly understood. This study aimed to analyse the range and prevalence of these complications in hospitalised children and adolescents. A national cohort study was conducted in the UK using an online network of secure rapid-response notification portals established by the CoroNerve study group. Patients were excluded if they did not have a neurological consultation or neurological investigations or both or did not meet the definition for confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection (a positive PCR or respiratory or spinal fluid samples, serology for anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG, or both). Individuals were classified as having either a primary neurological disorder associated with COVID-19 (COVID-19 neurology group) or PIMS-TS with neurological features (PIMS-TS neurology group). The denominator of all hospitalised children and adolescents with COVID-19 was collated from National Health Service England data. This study identified key differences between those with a primary neurological disorder versus those with PIMS-TS. Compared with patients with a primary neurological disorder, more patients with PIMS-TS needed intensive care, but outcomes were similar overall.
Authors Stephen T J Ray et al
Journal The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health | 3 | | R410.00 | |
| | Pain Management through Neurocognitive Therapeutic Exercises in Hypermobile Ehlers–Danlos Syndrome Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain | Pain Management through Neurocognitive Therapeutic Exercises in Hypermobile Ehlers–Danlos Syndrome Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain
Pain Management through Neurocognitive Therapeutic Exercises in Hypermobile Ehlers–Danlos Syndrome Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain
Overview The hypermobile type of Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (hEDS) is likely the most common hereditary disorder of connective tissue mainly characterized by joint hypermobility. Patients with hEDS suffer joint pain, in particular low back pain, commonly resistant to drug therapy. The aim of this research was to evaluate a neurocognitive rehabilitation approach based not only on the motion and function recovery but also on the pain management. In this nonrandomized clinical trial, eighteen hEDS patients (4 males and 14 females) with mean age 21 years (range 13-55) were recruited and evaluated before and after three months of rehabilitation treatment. The clinical results observed in this study seem to confirm the role of a specific neurocognitive rehabilitation program in the chronic pain management in the Ehlers–Danlos syndrome; the rehabilitation treatment should be tailored on patient problems and focused not only in the recovery of movement but also on pain perception.
Authors Claudia Celletti, Teresa Paolucci , Loredana Maggi, Giordana Volpi, Mariangela Billi, Roberta Mollica,and Filippo Camerota
Journal Hindawi BioMed Research International | 3 | | R435.00 | |
| | Ischemic Stroke Part 2 | Ischemic Stroke Part 2
Overview
Ischemic stroke is characterized by the sudden loss of blood circulation to an area of the brain, resulting in a corresponding loss of neurologic function. Acute ischemic stroke is caused by thrombotic or embolic occlusion of a cerebral artery and is more common than haemorrhagic stroke.
We should consider stroke in any patient presenting with acute neurologic deficit or any alteration in level of consciousness. Although symptoms can occur alone, they are more likely to occur in combination. No historical feature distinguishes ischemic from haemorrhagic stroke, although nausea, vomiting, headache, and sudden change in level of consciousness are more common in haemorrhagic strokes. In younger patients, a history of recent trauma, coagulopathies, illicit drug use (especially cocaine), migraines, or use of oral contraceptives should be elicited.
Emergent brain imaging is essential for evaluation of acute ischemic stroke. Noncontrast computed tomography (CT) scanning is the most commonly used form of neuroimaging in the acute evaluation of patients with apparent acute stroke.
Involvement of a physician with a special interest and training in stroke is ideal. Stroke care units with specially trained nursing and allied healthcare personnel have clearly been shown to improve outcomes.
Author Sharespike
| 3 | | R410.00 | |
| | Ischemic Stroke Part 1 | Ischemic Stroke Part 1
Overview
Ischemic stroke is characterized by the sudden loss of blood circulation to an area of the brain, resulting in a corresponding loss of neurologic function. Acute ischemic stroke is caused by thrombotic or embolic occlusion of a cerebral artery and is more common than haemorrhagic stroke.
We should consider stroke in any patient presenting with acute neurologic deficit or any alteration in level of consciousness. Although symptoms can occur alone, they are more likely to occur in combination. No historical feature distinguishes ischemic from haemorrhagic stroke, although nausea, vomiting, headache, and sudden change in level of consciousness are more common in haemorrhagic strokes. In younger patients, a history of recent trauma, coagulopathies, illicit drug use (especially cocaine), migraines, or use of oral contraceptives should be elicited.
Emergent brain imaging is essential for evaluation of acute ischemic stroke. Noncontrast computed tomography (CT) scanning is the most commonly used form of neuroimaging in the acute evaluation of patients with apparent acute stroke.
Involvement of a physician with a special interest and training in stroke is ideal. Stroke care units with specially trained nursing and allied healthcare personnel have clearly been shown to improve outcomes.
Author Sharespike
| 3 | | R410.00 | |
| | The Effects of a Recollection-Based Occupational Therapy Program of Alzheimer’s Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial | The Effects of a Recollection-Based Occupational Therapy Program of Alzheimer’s Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial
The Effects of a Recollection-Based Occupational Therapy Program of Alzheimer’s Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Overview:
Considering the high socio-economic costs related to the increasing number of dementia patients and their poor quality of life and that of their families, it is important to identify the condition early on and provide an appropriate intervention. This study organized a recollection-based occupational therapy program: a nonpharmacological intervention consisting of five categories of activities (physical, horticultural, musical, art, and instrumental activity of daily living; IADL) and applied it to those having a mild stage of Alzheimer’s disease. The experimental group participated in a total of 24 sessions––five times per week for one hour per session––while the control group took part in regular activities offered by the existing facilities. The experimental group presented improved cognitive functions, reduced depression, and enhanced quality of life; the two groups showed a statistically significant difference in every category. This study is meaningful in that it made a cognitive stimulation program concerning five different categories, implemented it for people suffering mild dementia, and confirmed positive outcomes. If a systemic version of the program is offered in dementia care facilities, it is expected to make a considerable contribution to the care of dementia patients.
Acknowledgements: Authors: DeokJu Kim
Journal: Occupational Therapy International | 3 | | R435.00 | |
| | Preretinal hemorrhage following chiropractor neck manipulation | Preretinal hemorrhage following chiropractor neck manipulation
Preretinal hemorrhage following chiropractor neck manipulation
Overview The purpose of this study is to report a case of a new complication following complementary and alternative medicine chiropractor neck manipulation with multiple preretinal haemorrhages. A 59-year-old Caucasian female presented with the acute, painless constant appearance of 3 spots in her vision immediately after a chiropractor performed cervical spinal manipulation using the high-velocity, low-amplitude technique. Examination multiple unilateral preretinal haemorrhages with no retinal tears. The preretinal haemorrhages were self-limited and resolved by 2 months later. In conclusion, the Chiropractor neck manipulation has previously been reported leading to complications related to the carotid artery and arterial plaques. This presents the ?rst case of multiple unilateral preretinal haemorrhages immediately following chiropractic neck manipulation. This suggests that chiropractor spinal adjustment cannot only a?ect the carotid artery, but also could lead to preretinal haemorrhages.
Acknowledgement Authors Yannis M. Paulusa and Nicholas Belillb Journal American Journal of Ophthalmology
| 3 | | R435.00 | |
| | Locked-In Syndrome Following Cervical Manipulation by a Chiropractor: A Case Report | Locked-In Syndrome Following Cervical Manipulation by a Chiropractor: A Case Report
Locked-In Syndrome Following Cervical Manipulation by a Chiropractor: A Case Report
Overview Vertebrobasilar occlusion poses difficult diagnostic issues and even when properly diagnosed has a poor prognosis. Newer studies highlight a better outcome when thrombectomy was carried out between six and twenty-four hours after an initial diagnosis of stroke. This paper reports a case where a patient suffered a vertebrobasilar stroke secondary to a traumatic bilateral vertebral arteries dissection was treated with late thrombectomy. A 34-year-old woman was manipulated on the cervical spinal column by a chiropractor. Following three weeks of cervical pain, she presented with severe aphasia and quadriplegia (NIHSS = 28). An MRI scan indicated ischemia of the vertebrobasilar system. Thirty-one hours after the onset of these symptoms, a thrombectomy was performed. After one month, the patient could move her head and the proximal part of her limbs but remained confined to bed (NIHSS = 13). In conclusion, the current case illustrates the benefit of late mechanical thrombectomy for a posterior cerebral circulation infarct. Although there was a delay in treatment, partial recovery ensued. Acknowledgments
Authors Guillaume Giordano Orsini, Giorgios-Emmanouil Metaxas, Vincent Legros Journal
The Journal of Critical Care
| 3 | | R410.00 | |
| | Convulsions and Seizures | Convulsions and Seizures
Overview
Emergency services attend patients who are having a seizure on almost a daily basis. Consequently, they should understand the disease processes related to seizures and be confident in their prehospital management. In general, with the exception of a patient in Status Epilepticus, seizure management should be relatively straight forward.
So, what is a seizure and what causes it? Basically, a seizure is any unusually excessive neuronal firing from the brain which manifests as changes in a patient’s motor/sensory control, sensory perception, behaviour and autonomic function.
At a chemical level a seizure occurs when there is a sudden biochemical imbalance between the excitatory neurotransmitters and inhibitory neurotransmitters. The primary excitatory neurotransmitter found in the human central nervous system is called N-Methyl D Aspartate (NMDA); whereas the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter is called gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA). When there is an imbalance between these chemical mediators repeated firing and excitations of the neuronal cells occur.
Depending on the area of the brain in which this occurs, the seizure will manifest as a focal seizure, sensory change, behaviour disturbance, or complete tonic and clonic muscular activity. This course addresses important aspects relating to convulsions and seizures
| 3 | | R460.00 | |
| | Improvement of activity-related knee joint discomfort following supplementation of specific collagen peptides. | Improvement of activity-related knee joint discomfort following supplementation of specific collagen peptides.
Improvement of activity-related knee joint discomfort following supplementation of specific collagen peptides.
Overview The aim of the study was to evaluate the use of specific collagen peptides in reducing pain in athletes with functional knee problems during sport. The primary outcome of the study was in change in pain intensity during activity, which was evaluated by the participants and the attending physicians using a visual analogue scale. As secondary endpoints, pain intensity under resting conditions, the range of motion of the knee joint, and the use of additional therapeutic options were assessed. Due to the high joint mobility at baseline, no significant changes of this parameter could be detected. The use of additional treatment options was significantly reduced after BCP intake. The study demonstrated that the supplementation of specific collagen peptides in young adults with functional knee problems led to a statistically significant improvement of activity related joint pain.
Authors: Denise Zdzieblik, Steffen Oesser, Albert Gollhofer and Daniel König
| 3 | | R420.00 | |
| | The Effect of Hearing Aid Use on Cognition in Older Adults: Can We Delay Decline or Even Improve Cognitive Function? | The Effect of Hearing Aid Use on Cognition in Older Adults: Can We Delay Decline or Even Improve Cognitive Function?
The Effect of Hearing Aid Use on Cognition in Older Adults: Can We Delay Decline or Even Improve Cognitive Function?
Overview: Hearing loss is a modifiable risk factor for dementia in older adults. Whether hearing aid use can delay the onset of cognitive decline is unknown. Participants in this study (aged 62–82 years) were assessed before and 18 months after hearing aid fitting on hearing, cognitive function, speech perception, quality of life, physical activity, loneliness, isolation, mood, and medical health.
At baseline, multiple linear regression showed hearing loss and age predicted significantly poorer executive function performance, while tertiary education predicted significantly higher executive function and visual learning performance. At 18 months after hearing aid fitting, speech perception in quiet, self-reported listening disability and quality of life had significantly improved. Group mean scores across the cognitive test battery showed no significant decline, and executive function significantly improved.
Authors: Julia Sarant, David Harris, Peter Busby, Paul Maru, Adrian Schembri, Ulrike Lemke and Stefan Launer
Article: J. Clin. Med. 2020
| 3 | | R380.00 | |
| | Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy for Achilles Tendinopathy | Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy for Achilles Tendinopathy
Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy for Achilles Tendinopathy
Overview
Achilles tendinopathy is confirmed by a clinical symptom triad of pain, swelling, and limited function. Achilles tendon injuries are classified by the anatomical area into non-insertional and insertional. The major symptom of non-insertional tendinopathy is pain located 2 to 6 cm proximal to the insertion of the tendon into the calcaneus. Patients suffering from insertional pathology usually present with lesions in the distal portion of the structure, i.e., posterosuperior calcaneal protuberance. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) is among the conservative treatments for Achilles tendinopathy. Unfortunately, no optimal application parameters have been determined that would ensure ESWT effectiveness in this condition. +e aim of the paper is to use research reports on ESWT in patients with Achilles tendinopathy to help practising physiotherapists establish the most effective intervention parameters. The two modalities of shock wave therapy used for Achilles tendinopathy are focused shock waves and radial shock waves. The literature contains reports presenting mainly beneficial effects of ESWT in patients with Achilles tendinopathy.
Authors Magdalena Stania, Grzegorz Juras, Daria Chmielewska, Anna Polak, Cezary Kucio, and Piotr Król
Journal BioMed Research International / 2019 / Article | 3 | | R425.00 | |
| | Clinical Practice Guidelines: Seizures | Clinical Practice Guidelines: Seizures
Clinical Practice Guidelines: Seizures
Overview
Paediatric and adult seizures are managed in essentially the same way, with the focus on identification, injury prevention, rapid termination and prevention of ongoing seizures; ongoing attention must be paid to reversal of the cause of the seizure. Important differences in children relate to febrile seizures (covered in section 3: Fever & Sepsis) and easily correctable causes such as hypoglycaemia. Acknowledgement
Journal: Clinical Practice Guidelines (July 2018) Publisher: Health Professions Council of South Africa | 3 | | R410.00 | |