| | First Aid Course | First Aid Course
Overview
This First Aid module provides structured, practical learning that is directly relevant to professional practice. It equips participants with essential knowledge and decision-making skills needed to respond appropriately in emergency situations, while reinforcing patient safety, ethical care, and timely referral.
The module covers key first aid principles such as preservation of life, prevention of deterioration, promotion of recovery, scene safety, infection prevention, and consent, as well as core emergency responses including basic life support, AED awareness, and management of medical and trauma incidents.
Author Sharespike Knowledge Studio
| 3 | | R565.00 |  |
| | Acute Mitral Regurgitation | Acute Mitral Regurgitation
Acute Mitral Regurgitation
Overview
This article reviews the etiology, diagnosis and management of mitral regurgitation across its acute, chronic compensated and chronic decompensated stages. It covers the leading causes, mitral valve prolapse, ischaemic and degenerative disease, annular calcification and, importantly for South Africa, rheumatic heart disease together with the pathophysiology of volume overload, the classic holosystolic apical murmur, and the diagnostic roles of echocardiography (TTE, TEE), cardiac MRI, ECG and catheterisation.
Acute management centres on afterload reduction, treatment of pulmonary oedema and early surgical involvement, while definitive treatment is mitral valve repair or replacement. The content is relevant across several cardiovascular, emergency and primary-care disciplines.
| 3 | | R485.00 | |
| | Acute Pericarditis (Part 2): Workup, Treatment and Management | Acute Pericarditis (Part 2): Workup, Treatment and Management
Acute Pericarditis (Part 2): Workup, Treatment and Management
Overview
Part 2 of this course details the diagnostic workup and management of acute pericarditis. It sets out the role of electrocardiography, transthoracic echocardiography, chest radiography, CT and cardiac MRI, alongside markers of inflammation and myocardial injury such as CRP and troponin, and the four evolving ECG stages. Pericardiocentesis and pericardial fluid analysis are covered for tamponade and suspected purulent, tuberculous or neoplastic effusion. Surgical options, pericardiocentesis, pericardial window, pericardiotomy and pericardiectomy and long-term monitoring complete the overview. | 3 | | R485.00 | |
| | The Vicious Cycle of Obesity and Low Back Pain: A Comprehensive Review | The Vicious Cycle of Obesity and Low Back Pain: A Comprehensive Review
The Vicious Cycle of Obesity and Low Back Pain: A Comprehensive Review
Overview
Obesity and low back pain (LBP) are major drivers of disability worldwide. Research increasingly supports a two-way relationship between them, shaped not only by mechanical overload but also by metabolic dysfunction, chronic inflammation and adipokine activity.
This review summarises anatomical, biomechanical and biochemical evidence showing how obesity contributes to disc degeneration and chronic pain. It also highlights inflammation, oxidative stress, adipokine signalling, gut dysbiosis and neuroinflammation, while noting that evidence for weight loss improving LBP remains limited. The paper provides an integrated framework and identifies priorities for future research.
Journal: Applied Sciences (MDPI)
| 3 | | R525.00 | |
| | Do Audible Sounds During a Metacarpophalangeal and Metatarsophalangeal Thrust Manipulation Have an Impact on Intra-Articular Joint Space and Brainwave Activity? | Do Audible Sounds During a Metacarpophalangeal and Metatarsophalangeal Thrust Manipulation Have an Impact on Intra-Articular Joint Space and Brainwave Activity?
Do Audible Sounds During a Metacarpophalangeal and Metatarsophalangeal Thrust Manipulation Have an Impact on Intra-Articular Joint Space and Brainwave Activity?
Overview
Joint manipulation is commonly used to manage musculoskeletal dysfunctions. Joint manipulation can result in audible sounds. The clinical significance and cause of manipulation sound remain unclear. This study aimed to identify intra-articular distance following a metacarpophalangeal (MCP) II and metatarsophalangeal (MTP) II joint manipulation in healthy subjects. Additionally, the cortical response pattern was measured.
It was concluded that this study supports the tribonucleation theory explaining audible joint manipulation sounds. The manipulation of the MCP II joint resulted in increased Theta wave activity, indicating a state of relaxation, which was larger in the audible group. The MTP II manipulation had decreased cortical effects regardless of the presence of a sound.
Journal: Healthcare (MDPI) Volume 13, Issue 5, article 554 (2025)
| 3 | | R510.00 | |
| | Assessment of variability in traction interventions for patients with low back pain: a systematic review | Assessment of variability in traction interventions for patients with low back pain: a systematic review
Assessment of variability in traction interventions for patients with low back pain: a systematic review
Overview
This systematic review examined the variability of lumbar traction interventions across randomised controlled trials for low back pain (LBP) with or without sciatica. They argue this heterogeneity makes pooling studies problematic and may explain prior negative conclusions about traction’s effectiveness, highlighting the need for standardised dosing protocols and better patient subgrouping.
Journal: Chiropractic & Manual Therapies
| 3 | | R510.00 | |
| | Analgesic Effects of Non-Surgical and Non-Interventional Treatments for Low Back Pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of placebo-controlled randomised trials | Analgesic Effects of Non-Surgical and Non-Interventional Treatments for Low Back Pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of placebo-controlled randomised trials
Analgesic Effects of Non-Surgical and Non-Interventional Treatments for Low Back Pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of placebo-controlled randomised trials
Overview
This systematic review and meta-analysis, pooled 301 placebo-controlled randomised trials covering 56 non-surgical and non-interventional treatments for non-specific low back pain. Only about one in ten treatments proved efficacious, and effects were small.
For acute pain, NSAIDs showed moderate-certainty benefit; for chronic pain, exercise, spinal manipulative therapy, taping, antidepressants and TRPV1 agonists did. Glucocorticoid injections, paracetamol, anaesthetics and antibiotics were not efficacious, while most remaining treatments had inconclusive evidence owing to small samples and methodological limitations.
| 3 | | R525.00 | |
| | Atrial Fibrillation | Atrial Fibrillation
Overview
This clinical reference outlines atrial fibrillation (AF), a common arrhythmia linked to heart failure, coronary and valvular disease, diabetes, and hypertension. It covers AF classification, current staging frameworks, key risks including stroke and death, use of CHA2DS2-VASc for anticoagulation, and management through rate or rhythm control, anticoagulation, and selected catheter ablation. The content is relevant to cardiovascular and acute-care practice.
| 3 | | R500.00 | |
| | Exercise-Induced Anaphylaxis | Exercise-Induced Anaphylaxis
Exercise-Induced Anaphylaxis
Overview
This article reviews exercise-induced anaphylaxis (EIA), a rare but potentially life-threatening reaction in which physical activity provokes anaphylaxis. Symptoms range from pruritus, urticaria, flushing and gastrointestinal upset to angioedema, laryngeal oedema, hypotension and cardiovascular collapse, typically easing once exercise stops. It describes the four classic attack phases and the distinct food-dependent subtype (FDEIA), in which anaphylaxis occurs only when exercise follows ingestion of culprit foods such as wheat, shellfish or peanuts, often alongside cofactors like NSAIDs, alcohol or temperature extremes.
The article covers epidemiology, mast-cell-mediated pathophysiology, diagnosis through clinical history supported by serum tryptase and specific IgE, differential diagnoses, and management centred on trigger avoidance, prompt intramuscular epinephrine and patient education. The content is relevant across several medical disciplines.
| 3 | | R525.00 | |
| | A nerve root decompression position identified by 3D CT scan: the modified reversed contralateral axial rotation position for patients with lumbar disc prolapse | A nerve root decompression position identified by 3D CT scan: the modified reversed contralateral axial rotation position for patients with lumbar disc prolapse
A nerve root decompression position identified by 3D CT scan: the modified reversed contralateral axial rotation position for patients with lumbar disc prolapse
Overview This study investigated whether a specific trunk position the Modified Reversed Contralateral Axial Rotation (MRCAR) position can decompress lumbar nerve roots in patients with unilateral lumbar disc prolapse and radiculopathy. In conclusion it was found that the Modified Reversed Contralateral Axial Rotation (MRCAR) position increased lumbar foraminal space and improved straight leg raise scores in men with unilateral lumbar disc prolapse, suggesting short-term nerve root decompression and symptom relief.
Authors: Joseph Putosa,1, Hayden F. Atkinson a,b,c,*,2, David M. Walton a, c
Journal Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research Volume 20 Issue 1
| 3 | | R485.00 | |
| | Statistical shape modeling of MRI-based morphological response of lumbar intervertebral discs to a unilateral side lying spinal rotation mobilization | Statistical shape modeling of MRI-based morphological response of lumbar intervertebral discs to a unilateral side lying spinal rotation mobilization
Statistical shape modeling of MRI-based morphological response of lumbar intervertebral discs to a unilateral side lying spinal rotation mobilization
Overview Low back pain affects about 80% of people and is the leading cause of disability worldwide. Although most cases are nonspecific, discogenic low back pain is a common identifiable type that often causes mechanically aggravated pain, sometimes radiating to the legs. Most symptoms improve with conservative care, but persistent cases may require surgery. Because intervertebral disc behaviour is hard to assess in vivo, its links to shape, function, symptoms, and treatment response remain unclear. In conclusion, SRM produces measurable, direction-specific changes in healthy IVDs. Future studies should examine symptomatic discs and their links to symptoms and treatment.
Authors: Joseph Putosa,1, Hayden F. Atkinson a,b,c,*,2, David M. Walton a, c | 3 | | R485.00 | |
| | Fatigue-induced biomechanical decoupling at L4-S1 discs: mechanism of disc degeneration in chronic low back pain | Fatigue-induced biomechanical decoupling at L4-S1 discs: mechanism of disc degeneration in chronic low back pain
Fatigue-induced biomechanical decoupling at L4-S1 discs: mechanism of disc degeneration in chronic low back pain
Overview
This study investigated how fatigue affects the biomechanics of the lower lumbar discs (L4–S1) in people with chronic low back pain (CLBP). Using dual fluoroscopic imaging and CT-based modelling, researchers compared disc height and strain patterns during flexion–extension movements before and after fatigue. They found that CLBP patients showed significant post fatigue disc height loss—especially at L5/S1—and abnormal strain patterns marked by increased compressive strain and reduced shear strain redistribution. These changes were not seen in healthy controls.
The findings highlight a fatigue induced biomechanical vulnerability at the lumbosacral junction, offering insight into mechanisms that may drive disc degeneration in CLBP.
Journal BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders
| 3 | | R485.00 | |
| | Efficacy and safety of spinal manipulative therapy in the management of acute neck pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Efficacy and safety of spinal manipulative therapy in the management of acute neck pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Efficacy and safety of spinal manipulative therapy in the management of acute neck pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Overview
Acute neck pain (ANP) can occur suddenly and rapidly progress, resulting in severe pain and detrimental effects on the patient’s well-being. Neck pain ranks as the fourth most common cause of disability worldwide, with an annual prevalence exceeding 30%. The neck, a flexible structure that supports the weight of the head, is susceptible to pain and restricted movement. While many cases of ANP resolve either with or without treatment, approximately half of the affected individuals continue to experience chronic or episodic pain
This study aims to comprehensively evaluate the efficacy and safety of SMT in the treatment of ANP. It was concluded that the evidence supports the use of SMT as an effective and safe intervention for reducing pain, improving CROM, and decreasing disability in patients with ANP. These findings provide valuable insights for clinical practitioners and highlight the potential of SMT as a viable therapeutic option in managing ANP.
Journal
Systematic Reviews | 3 | | R485.00 | |
| | Effectiveness of Musculoskeletal Manipulations in Patients with Neck Pain: a systematic review and network meta-analysis | Effectiveness of Musculoskeletal Manipulations in Patients with Neck Pain: a systematic review and network meta-analysis
Effectiveness of Musculoskeletal Manipulations in Patients with Neck Pain: a systematic review and network meta-analysis
Overview Neck pain, defined as cervical discomfort lasting at least 24 hours, now affects about 288.7 million people globally, with a prevalence rate of 27 per 1,000—numbers expected to rise. It is the fourth leading cause of disability worldwide, often linked to inactivity and frequent computer use. Musculoskeletal manipulation, a non-invasive technique involving targeted force on joints and soft tissues, aims to improve function and support tissue repair. Using multimodal treatment approaches may offer better results by addressing multiple factors contributing to neck pain. This study aims to evaluate the relative effectiveness of different musculoskeletal manipulation techniques in managing neck pain. The growing prevalence and significant impact of neck pain on global health highlight the importance of identifying optimal treatment strategies. Ultimately, evidence-based multimodal interventions may offer improved relief and functional recovery for those affected by this common and disabling condition.
Journal BMJ Open Volume 15, Issue 10 | 3 | | R465.00 | |
| | Diagnostic accuracy of the compression overload test versus straight leg Raise test in detecting lumbar disc herniation: an MRI-Validated Cross-Sectional study | Diagnostic accuracy of the compression overload test versus straight leg Raise test in detecting lumbar disc herniation: an MRI-Validated Cross-Sectional study
Diagnostic accuracy of the compression overload test versus straight leg Raise test in detecting lumbar disc herniation: an MRI-Validated Cross-Sectional study
Overview:
Low back pain (LBP) remains a significant and persistent global health issue, and currently, the leading cause of years lived with disability (YLDs), affecting over 540 million individuals globally at any given time. In India, the lifetime prevalence of LBP is estimated to be around 66%, with manual workers and rural populations experiencing the highest burden. The high prevalence of LBP is commonly associated with mechanical stress and high spinal loading.
The purpose of this study is to determine the diagnostic performance of the Compression Overload Test (COLT) compared with the Straight Leg Raise Test (SLRT) in detecting lumbar intervertebral disc herniation (IVDH), using MRI as the reference standard. A secondary objective was to evaluate the correlation between each test and MRI results.
In conclusion COLT showed higher diagnostic utility than SLRT and correlated well with MRI results.
Journal:
European Spine Journal
| 3 | | R485.00 | |
| | Advances in the Interaction Between Lumbar Intervertebral Disc | Advances in the Interaction Between Lumbar Intervertebral Disc
Advances in the Interaction Between Lumbar Intervertebral Disc
Overview
The article reviews how lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) and fat infiltration of paraspinal muscles (PSMs) influence each other and together worsen low back pain (LBP). It highlights that more than 619 million people worldwide suffer from LBP, and IVDD is identified as the main pathogenic factor behind it. The authors explain that IVDD leads to structural and metabolic changes in the disc, such as disc cell apoptosis, annulus fibrosus tears, nucleus pulposus protrusion, and disc collapse which reduce spinal stability and trigger pain. At the same time, IVDD is closely linked to fat infiltration of paraspinal muscles, especially the multifidus, and this fat infiltration increases with the progression of IVDD and correlates with worse pain and dysfunction.
In conclusion, the review demonstrates that IVDD and fat infiltration of paraspinal muscles form a bi directional, self reinforcing cycle that contributes significantly to low back pain and disability. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for developing more effective prevention and treatment strategies.
Acknowledgements:
Authors: Jiaqiu Jiang, Yilong Huang and Bo He* Department of Medical Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| 3 | | R485.00 | |
| | Healthcare Provision for Medical Tourism: A comparative review | Healthcare Provision for Medical Tourism: A comparative review
Healthcare Provision for Medical Tourism: A comparative review
Overview Providing health care is the core and main element of the health system, which improves patients’ health and well being. Quality in the health system is defined as providing safe, timely, effective, efficient, fair, and patient centered care. The five dimensions of service quality include tangible dimensions (conditions and atmosphere of the service delivery environment, including facilities, equipment, employees, and communication channels), reliability dimension (ability to perform the service reliably), responsiveness dimension (willingness to cooperate and help the customer), assurance dimension (competence and ability of employees to instil a sense of trust and confidence in the customer), and empathy dimension (special treatment with each customer according to their mood, so that the customers are satisfied with the respect and understanding on the part of the organization). Considering the problems of the process in providing welfare services for medical tourists, the license and activities of medical tourism companies should be facilitated so that the mentioned companies can provide welfare and non medical services to patients along with hospitals.
Journal
Journal of Education and Health Promotion Volume 13 Issue 1
| 3 | | R475.00 | |
| | H1N1 Influenza (Swine Flu) | H1N1 Influenza (Swine Flu)
H1N1 Influenza (Swine Flu)
Overview
H1N1 influenza, referred to as swine flu, is a highly contagious respiratory disease in pigs caused by one of several swine influenza A viruses, as recently reviewed. Transmission of swine influenza viruses to humans is uncommon.
Swine influenza is a highly contagious respiratory disease in pigs caused by one of several swine influenza A viruses, as recently reviewed. In addition, influenza C viruses may also cause illness in swine. Strategies to control swine influenza virus (SIV) in animals typically include one of several commercially available bivalent swine influenza virus vaccines. Once a human becomes infected, he or she then can spread the virus to other humans.
| 3 | | R485.00 | |
| | Acute Pericarditis Part 1 | Acute Pericarditis Part 1
Acute Pericarditis Part 1
Overview
Acute pericarditis is an inflammation of the pericardium characterized by pericarditis chest pain, pericardial friction rub, and serial electrocardiographic (ECG) changes (eg, new widespread ST-elevation or PR depression; new/worsening pericardial effusion). Across sub-Saharan Africa, hospital admissions for cardiovascular disease showed acute pericarditis in 2% to 11.3% of patients, typically young adults (average age 26–42). Tuberculosis is a leading cause (33–70% of cases). In a focused study at a South African academic hospital (Western Cape), 69.5% of patients with large pericardial effusions had tuberculous pericarditis, and 96.4% of HIV-positive individuals in the cohort had tuberculous origin.
It matters because pericarditis can mimic more serious conditions like myocardial infarction. Early recognition and proper management prevent complications like tamponade or constrictive pericarditis. Understanding exercise restrictions and recovery timelines is crucial, especially for athletes.
Authors Sean Spangler, MD Cardiologist, William Beaumont Army Medical Center
| 3 | | R485.00 | |
| | The Effect of Exercise Training on Blood Lipids: A systematic review | The Effect of Exercise Training on Blood Lipids: A systematic review
The Effect of Exercise Training on Blood Lipids: A systematic review
Summary: The Effect of Exercise Training on Blood Lipids
Exercise training (ExTr) improves lipid markers such as total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides, and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). A systematic review and meta-analysis of 148 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) showed significant but modest improvements in these lipid markers with aerobic (AT), resistance (RT), and combined training (CT). The study found CT to be optimal for managing dyslipidemia. Meta-regression indicated that each additional weekly aerobic session and minute of training further improved TC and HDL levels. The analysis confirmed sufficient data to support the benefits of ExTr on lipid profiles.
Journal: Sports Medicine 2024
| 3 | | R485.00 | |
| | HIV and Aids Part 2 | HIV and Aids Part 2
Overview
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a virus transmitted through sexual contact, shared needles, and from mother to child during childbirth or breastfeeding. It belongs to the Retroviridae family. All patients who are diagnosed with HIV should be initiated on ART as soon as possible.
HIV can also lead to complications like dementia and chronic diarrhea with weight loss (HIV wasting syndrome).
Exceptions to this include patients presenting with cryptococcal meningitis (CM) or central nervous system tuberculosis (tuberculous meningitis (TBM) or tuberculoma).
| 3 | | R485.00 | |
| | HIV and Aids Part 1 | HIV and Aids Part 1
Overview
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a virus transmitted through sexual contact, shared needles, and from mother to child during childbirth or breastfeeding. It belongs to the Retroviridae family. Symptoms vary depending on the stage of infection and these include: - Acute stage, which resembles the flu, with fever, malaise, and a generalized rash;
- Asymptomatic stage which generally, has no symptoms.
- Lymphadenopathy, which presents with swelling of lymph nodes, which can be a primary symptom.
- AIDs, which is the advanced stage marked by severe infections or cancers.
HIV can also lead to complications like dementia and chronic diarrhea with weight loss (HIV wasting syndrome).
Sharespike Knowledge Studio | 3 | | R485.00 | |
| | Ebola Virus Infection | Ebola Virus Infection
Overview
Ebola virus is one of at least 30 known viruses capable of causing viral hemorrhagic fever syndrome. The genus Ebolavirus currently is classified into 5 separate species: Sudan ebolavirus, Zaire ebolavirus, Tai Forest (Ivory Coast) ebolavirus, Reston ebolavirus, and Bundibugyo ebolavirus. The outbreak of Ebola virus disease in West Africa from 2014 to 2016, involving Zaire ebolavirus, was the largest outbreak of Ebola virus disease in history.
As of September 17, 2019, an active outbreak of Ebola virus disease in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) had resulted in 3,034 confirmed and 111 probable cases of Ebola virus disease, including 2,103 attributable deaths. An experimental vaccine has been credited with limiting the outbreak’s scope.
| 3 | | R500.00 | |
| | Impact of isolated lumbar extension strength training on reducing nonspecific low back pain, disability, and improving function: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Impact of isolated lumbar extension strength training on reducing nonspecific low back pain, disability, and improving function: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Impact of isolated lumbar extension strength training on reducing nonspecific low back pain, disability, and improving function: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Overview
This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the effects of isolated lumbar extension (ILEX) strength training on nonspecific low back pain. The study included 8 randomized trials with 381 participants. ILEX was found to significantly reduce pain intensity, making it a valuable intervention for pain management. However, its impact on disability and physical functionality was less consistent and not significantly different from control groups. While ILEX showed moderate effects on strength, these were not consistently supported across all studies. Clinically, ILEX is effective for pain reduction but should be combined with pelvic stabilization techniques for better outcomes.
Journal
Nature Portfolio Scientific Reports Volume 15 Issue 1
| 3 | | R485.00 | |
| | The Associations Between Sedentary Behaviour and Neck Pain | The Associations Between Sedentary Behaviour and Neck Pain
The Associations Between Sedentary Behaviour and Neck Pain
Overview
Research shows a strong link between prolonged sitting and increased neck pain risk, particularly from computer and mobile phone use. Neck pain, a common musculoskeletal disorder, affects about 70% of people globally at least once in their life. The risk is rising due to modern lifestyles and work habits. From 2006 to 2016, disability from neck pain increased by 21.9%, impacting physical function, quality of life, and work efficiency, with high medical and social costs.
This study assessed the relationship between daily sedentary behaviour and neck pain risk, examining different populations by age, sex, occupation, and lifestyle. It concluded that longer sedentary periods significantly increase neck pain risk.
Preventative measures for high-risk groups, such as females and employees, are necessary. Public health initiatives should aim to reduce sedentary behaviours and promote physical activity to improve neck health and combat the global prevalence of neck pain.
Journal BMC Public Health | 3 | | R495.00 | |
| | Physically Active Lifestyle Attenuates Impairments on Lung Function and Mechanics in Hypertensive Older Adults | Physically Active Lifestyle Attenuates Impairments on Lung Function and Mechanics in Hypertensive Older Adults
Physically Active Lifestyle Attenuates Impairments on Lung Function and Mechanics in Hypertensive Older Adults
Overview Physical activity attenuates hypertension in older adults, but its impact on pulmonary function and mechanics in hypertensive older adults is unknown. The study seeks to understand whether a physically active lifestyle can improve respiratory capacity, the mechanical efficiency of the lungs, and, consequently, the quality of life of these individuals, comparing data between groups of active and sedentary hypertensive older adults.
This is a cross-sectional study. 731 older adults were evaluated, stratified into two initial groups: hypertensive older adults (HE; n = 445) and non-hypertensive older adults (NHE; n = 286). For a secondary analysis, we used the International Physical Activity Questionnaire to sub-stratify HE and NHE into four groups: physically inactive hypertensive (PIH; n = 182), active hypertensive (AH; n = 110), physically inactive non-hypertensive (PINH; n = 104), and active non-hypertensive (ANH; n = 65). Lung function was measured by spirometry, and lung mechanics were assessed by impulse oscillometry.
It was concluded that hypertension is associated with impaired lung function and mechanics in older adults, and a physically active lifestyle attenuates these dysfunctions.
Journal
Advances in Respiratory Medicine Volume 92 Issue 4
| 3 | | R485.00 | |
| | Can Foot Orthoses Benefit Symptomatic Runners? Mechanistic and Clinical Insights Through a Scoping Review | Can Foot Orthoses Benefit Symptomatic Runners? Mechanistic and Clinical Insights Through a Scoping Review
Can Foot Orthoses Benefit Symptomatic Runners? Mechanistic and Clinical Insights Through a Scoping Review
Overview
Running is a popular sport with many health benefits, but it often results in musculoskeletal overuse injuries. Foot orthoses (FOs) are commonly prescribed by clinicians to manage these injuries. However, most studies on FOs focus on uninjured or mixed populations of runners, leaving a gap in
understanding their impact on symptomatic runners.
This scoping review aimed to evaluate how FOs affect biomechanics, neuromuscular function, pain, and disability in symptomatic runners. After reviewing 30 studies (involving 730 symptomatic runners), the findings suggest that FOs reduce pain and overuse injury symptoms both immediately and long-term. They also influence foot mechanics by decreasing foot/ankle eversion and altering plantar pressure distribution.
The effectiveness of FOs depends on specific features of the orthosis. The review recommends further research to standardize FO descriptions and explore how different FO types and participant characteristics (e.g., foot morphology) influence outcomes. It also suggests that FOs are more effective when combined with a broader treatment plan, though more research is needed to optimize their role in treating running injuries.
Journal: Sports Medicine 2024 | 3 | | R485.00 | |
| | Influence of pain neuroscience education and exercises for the management of neck pain: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials | Influence of pain neuroscience education and exercises for the management of neck pain: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Influence of pain neuroscience education and exercises for the management of neck pain: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Overview
It is elusive to combine pain neuroscience education with exercises to treat neck pain, and this meta-analysis aims to study the efficacy of pain neuroscience education plus exercises for the treatment of neck pain. Several databases including PubMed, EMbase, Web of science, EBSCO, and Cochrane library databases were systemically searched from inception to August 2023, and we included the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the effect of pain neuroscience education plus exercises on the relief of neck pain.
It was concluded that pain neuroscience education plus exercises is effective for the relief of neck pain.
Journal Medicine Volume 103 Issue 48
| 3 | | R485.00 | |
| | Is Dry Needling Effective When Combined with Other therapies for Myofascial Trigger Points Associated with Neck Pain Symptom | Is Dry Needling Effective When Combined with Other therapies for Myofascial Trigger Points Associated with Neck Pain Symptom
Is Dry Needling Effective When Combined with Other therapies for Myofascial Trigger Points Associated with Neck Pain Symptom
Overview
Neck pain is the fourth ranked condition in number of years lived with disability and has a lifetime prevalence of 70% and a point prevalence of 20% in the general population. Physical therapy is often considered the first treatment option for people with neck pain. Different therapeutic strategies, e.g., cervical spine mobilizations and manipulations thoracic manipulations, therapeutic exercise or education, have shown to be effective for the treatment of neck pain. However, evidence supporting the use of other therapies proposed for the management of neck pain, such as dry needling, is still limited.
It is important to note that clinicians do not usually treat patients with neck pain with just one isolated intervention, and multimodal approaches are generally advocated. In fact, clinical practice guidelines for physical therapy management of people with neck pain recommend a combination of manual therapy combined with exercise as a potential therapeutic strategy for this population
This study concluded that Low-to-moderate evidence suggests a positive effect to the combination of dry needling with other interventions for improving pain intensity, pain-related disability, pressure pain thresholds, and cervical range of motion in people with neck pain associated with TrPs at short-term. No midterm or long-term effects were observed.
Journal
Hindawi Pain Research and Management Volume 2021, Article ID 8836427 – 24 pages
| 3 | | R485.00 | |
| | Effectiveness of Dry Needling in Improving Pain and Function in Comparison with Other Techniques in Patients with Chronic Neck Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis | Effectiveness of Dry Needling in Improving Pain and Function in Comparison with Other Techniques in Patients with Chronic Neck Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Effectiveness of Dry Needling in Improving Pain and Function in Comparison with Other Techniques in Patients with Chronic Neck Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Overview
The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the short-, mid-, and long-term effectiveness of dry needling in improving pain and functional capacity of patients with chronic neck pain. Neck pain is suffered by at least 30% of adults worldwide with a prevalence of 24439 to 61512 cases per 100000 population. Chronic symptoms are developed by 44% of the patients and this condition is as important as lumbar pain in prevalence and duration. When the problem turns chronic, there is an elevated economic and healthcare cost
Myofascial pain syndrome is defined as a set of autonomic, motor, and sensory signs and symptoms provoked by myofascial trigger points (MTPs). It often contributes to the appearance of mechanical neck pain, and it is associated with the chronification of the symptoms.
All the studies reported improvements in cervical pain and/or disability, regardless of the protocol followed and the muscles targeted. No serious adverse effects were reported. Dry needling showed to be more effective when compared with other therapies in both women and men, without differences by sex. When the analysis was carried out by age, patients over 40 years old benefitted more than those below 40 years old. Our meta-analysis supports the use of dry needling to improve pain and functional capacity in patients with chronic neck pain at short- and mid-term interval.
| 3 | | R485.00 | |
| | Efficacy of Patellar Taping and Electromyographic Biofeedback Training at Various Knee Angles on Quadriceps Strength and Functional Performance in Young Adult Male Athletes with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial | Efficacy of Patellar Taping and Electromyographic Biofeedback Training at Various Knee Angles on Quadriceps Strength and Functional Performance in Young Adult Male Athletes with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Efficacy of Patellar Taping and Electromyographic Biofeedback Training at Various Knee Angles on Quadriceps Strength and Functional Performance in Young Adult Male Athletes with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Overview
Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is referred to as peripatellar or retropatellar pain, which is characterized by alterations in the physical and biomechanical features of the patellofemoral joint. The most excruciating discomfort is experienced when sitting or kneeling for extended periods of time with bent knees and climbing or descending stairs. The severity of the articular lesion is the single most essential element in investigating the extent of flexion that is required for activities. However, a prior study found no differences in muscle strength gains of quadriceps muscles at different knee angles in people with patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS).
The object of this study is to confirm the effects of patellar taping and electromyographic biofeedback (EMG-BF)-guided isometric quadriceps strengthening at different knee angles (e.g., 30°, 60°, and 90° of knee flexion) on quadriceps strength and functional performance in people with PFPS were compared in this single-blind randomized controlled parallel trial.
The findings indicated that individuals who trained their quadriceps at a 60° knee angle had significantly stronger quadriceps muscles than individuals who trained at 30° or 90° of knee flexion.
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| | Influence of Blood Flow restriction Training on the Aerobic Capacity: A systematic review and meta-analysis | Influence of Blood Flow restriction Training on the Aerobic Capacity: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Influence of Blood Flow restriction Training on the Aerobic Capacity: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Overview
Blood flow restriction training (also known as KAATSU training) uses professional equipment to apply pressure to the base of the limbs to limit the blood flow at the distal end of the limbs during exercise, thereby stimulating muscle growth and improving muscle strength with a low exercise intensity. This study aimed to conduct a meta-analysis on the effects of blood flow restriction training on aerobic capacity. Methods: A systematic review and quantitative evidence synthesis (QES) was used to examine the effects of blood flow restriction training on the aerobic capacity. In addition, the effect of high intensity exercise is achieved with only a low-intensity load under blood flow restriction training, which has the advantages of low intensity, high frequency, and fast recovery. It was founded that blood flow restriction training promoted the improvement in aerobic capacity. Blood flow restriction training, which is a low intensity exercise, significantly affected aerobic capacity. Twelve blood flow restriction training sessions a week achieved significantly better results than a frequency of two to four training sessions per week. A daily blood flow restriction training session of 6 to 30 min significantly improved aerobic capacity.
| 3 | | R485.00 | |
| | Acute and Short-Term Effects of Dry Needling in Patients with Chronic Nonspecific Low Back Pain and Hamstring Tightness: A Pilot Study | Acute and Short-Term Effects of Dry Needling in Patients with Chronic Nonspecific Low Back Pain and Hamstring Tightness: A Pilot Study
Acute and Short-Term Effects of Dry Needling in Patients with Chronic Nonspecific Low Back Pain and Hamstring Tightness: A Pilot Study
Overview
Low back pain (LBP) is one of the common health conditions, with a prevalence of 1.4–20% in developed countries and a global prevalence of 9.4%. In Iran, the prevalence of LBP is higher than average, and about 27% of Iranian adults suffer from chronic LBP. LBP leads to higher years lived with disability than other conditions globally. In most cases, no underlying pathological condition can be found as the cause of LBP, called nonspecific LBP.
Muscle tightness contributes to musculoskeletal conditions. Previous studies have found that hamstring tightness is a contributing factor to LBP. Tightness of hamstring muscles in patients with LBP influences lumbar pelvic rhythm and is associated with severe lumbar pain and changes in the sagittal curvature of spine. Therefore, physiotherapy interventions are often applied to target hamstring muscle tightness in patients with LBP. Dry needling (DN) is one of the physiotherapy interventions, which has been utilized in patients with LBP.
This pilot study supports the use of DN in patients with LBP and hamstring tightness.
Journal
Hindawi The Scientific World Journal | 3 | | R485.00 | |
| | 12 weeks high intensity interval training versus moderate intensity continuous training in chronic low back pain subjects: a randomised single-blinded feasibility study | 12 weeks high intensity interval training versus moderate intensity continuous training in chronic low back pain subjects: a randomised single-blinded feasibility study
12 weeks high intensity interval training versus moderate intensity continuous training in chronic low back pain subjects: a randomised single-blinded feasibility study
Overview
Currently, very little is known about the effects of an endurance high intensity interval training in chronic low back pain patients. Therefore, the feasibility and safety of the HIIT has to be assessed first before it can be integrated safely into research and daily practice it can be integrated safely into research and daily practice. This study aims to answers the question if high intensity interval training and moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) have comparable adherence and feasibility.
After the study it was concluded that there were no differences in adherence rates. HIIT is as feasible as MICT in non-specific chronic low back pain and can be used in future larger trials to deepen the knowledge about HIIT in this specific population.
Journal Archives of Physiotherapy
| 3 | | R465.00 | |
| | The Relationship Between Additional Heads of the Quadriceps Femoris, the Vasti Muscles, and the Patellar Ligament | The Relationship Between Additional Heads of the Quadriceps Femoris, the Vasti Muscles, and the Patellar Ligament
The Relationship Between Additional Heads of the Quadriceps Femoris, the Vasti Muscles, and the Patellar Ligament
Overview
The quadriceps femoris consists of four muscles: the rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, and vastus lateralis. However, the effect of additional quadriceps femoris heads on the vasti muscles and patellar ligaments is unknown.
The quadriceps femoris muscle (QF) is important in locomotion; the rectus femoris (RF) swings the leg forward when a step is taken. During walking or running, quadriceps muscles such as the vastus medialis (VM) stabilize the patella and knee joint. The QF is important in sport owing to its potential for injury, which can be painful and debilitating.
The aims of the present study are to determine the relationship between additional quadriceps femoris heads and the vasti muscles and patellar ligaments and to review the morphology of the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius.
Journal
Hindawi BioMed Research International
| 3 | | R465.00 | |
| | Exercise Interventions in Child and Adolescent Mental Health Care: An overview of the evidence and recommendations for implementation | Exercise Interventions in Child and Adolescent Mental Health Care: An overview of the evidence and recommendations for implementation
Exercise Interventions in Child and Adolescent Mental Health Care: An overview of the evidence and recommendations for implementation
Overview
The poor physical health of people with mental illness has long been established. A 15–20-year mortality gap arises from factors such as the likelihood of developing noncommunicable diseases, unhealthy lifestyle behaviors, reduced access to and provision of physical health care, and side-effects of medication.
This has been labeled an international human rights scandal, since a large proportion of this risk is preventable. In recognition of these disparities, international health bodies have produced guidance to address poor physical health, including the World Health Organization, World Psychiatric Association, and a Lancet Psychiatry Commission.
The use of physical activity interventions in mental health care for adults has a large academic evidence base and numerous examples of real-world implementation. However, the use of physical activity within mental health care for children and young people (CYP) has received less attention to date.
The key conclusions from this article, suggest there is an increasingly strong evidence base for the benefits of using physical activity interventions to improve, prevent, and manage physical and mental health outcomes in CYP with mental illness. However, more work needs to be done to improve the evidence base, refine its implementation into standard mental health care, and develop strategies for large-scale dissemination of such interventions across various care and cultural contexts.
The Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health JCPP Advances | 3 | | R485.00 | |
| | Fabella Syndrome and Common Peroneal Neuropathy following Total Knee Arthroplasty | Fabella Syndrome and Common Peroneal Neuropathy following Total Knee Arthroplasty
Fabella Syndrome and Common Peroneal Neuropathy following Total Knee Arthroplasty
Overview The fabella is a sesamoid bone in the lateral gastrocnemius that is present in 10-30% of the population. Despite its high prevalence, the fabella rarely causes pathology leading to delayed diagnoses and prolonged patient discomfort when symptomatic. The fabella syndrome is often associated with a snapping or clicking sensation that is exacerbated by aerobic activates. Fabella pathology is rare but increasingly recognized as a source of posterolateral knee pain following TKA. Initially believed to be unique to adolescents, fabella syndrome also affects older adults. When conservative interventions fail, surgical excision for treatment of fabella syndrome or fabella-associated common peroneal neuropathy has improved patient reported outcomes and returns to preinjury level of activities.
Significant mechanical alignment changes may create eccentric mechanical loads across the gastrocnemius tendon and embedded fabella. Furthermore, the correction of a flexion contracture with TKA may affect soft tissues posterior to the knee including the gastrocnemius tendon.
Authors Connor C. Diaz, Avinesh Agarwalla and Brian Forsythe
Journal Hindawi Case Reports in Orthopedics
| 3 | | R460.00 | |
| | Previous History of Knee Arthroscopy in Patients Undergoing Total Knee Arthroplasty: An Examination of the Effect of the Literature and American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 2013 Arthroscopy Guidelines on Clinical Practice | Previous History of Knee Arthroscopy in Patients Undergoing Total Knee Arthroplasty: An Examination of the Effect of the Literature and American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 2013 Arthroscopy Guidelines on Clinical Practice
Previous History of Knee Arthroscopy in Patients Undergoing Total Knee Arthroplasty: An Examination of the Effect of the Literature and American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 2013 Arthroscopy Guidelines on Clinical Practice
Overview The purpose of this study was to compare the rate of previous knee arthroscopy in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA) before (2005-2006) and after (2018) publication of landmark studies that examined the effectiveness of knee arthroscopy as well as the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 2013 knee arthroscopy guidelines. In this study a retrospective chart review of 214 patients who underwent a TKA between 2005 and 2006 (Group 1) and 213 patients who underwent a TKA in 2018 (Group 2) was performed. The medical records were to determine whether previous knee arthroscopy was performed. The findings suggests that the recommendations set forth by landmark clinical trials that examined the effectiveness of knee arthroscopy and the AAOS 2013 knee arthroscopy guidelines did not have a sudden impact within the geographic region, however there is significant evidence to suggest a gradual shift in treatment, where knee arthroscopy is withheld near imminent knee arthroplasty.
Authors Melissa A. Kluczynski, M.S.., Griffin Lunn, Matthew J. Phillips, M.D., andJohn M. Marzo, M.D
Journal Arthroscopy, Sports Medicine, and Rehabilitation | 3 | | R485.00 | |
| | Hypertension Part 3 | Hypertension Part 3
Overview Hypertension is a leading risk factor for cardiovascular disease and a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. For patients who are symptomatic, however, uncontrolled elevations in blood pressure are true medical emergencies that require rapid intervention in the ED. It is therefore important to understand the disease of chronic hypertension and, perhaps more important, episodes of acute and uncontrolled elevations in blood pressure so that we, as prehospital care providers, can better stratify these patients into low- and high-risk groups that may or may not require transport to an ED for evaluation and treatment.
As we will discuss, it is reasonable to say that not every patient who presents with hypertension is at high risk of morbidity and mortality and absolutely requires evaluation and treatment at an ED. This is not to say EMTs and paramedics should talk patients out of going to EDs for evaluation. Rather, we will strive to give prehospital care providers a better understanding of the risks involved with acute hypertension so they can better work with their patients to find a solution that is safe, reasonable and responsible for everyone involved. This article discusses the topic of acute hypertension, hypertensive urgency and hypertensive emergencies in an effort to help EMS providers better understand these illnesses and help patients make the best decisions regarding their transport and care.
Authors:
Sharespike
| 3 | | R420.00 | |
| | Hypertension Part 2 | Hypertension Part 2
Overview Hypertension is a leading risk factor for cardiovascular disease and a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. For patients who are symptomatic, however, uncontrolled elevations in blood pressure are true medical emergencies that require rapid intervention in the ED. It is therefore important to understand the disease of chronic hypertension and, perhaps more important, episodes of acute and uncontrolled elevations in blood pressure so that we, as prehospital care providers, can better stratify these patients into low- and high-risk groups that may or may not require transport to an ED for evaluation and treatment.
As we will discuss, it is reasonable to say that not every patient who presents with hypertension is at high risk of morbidity and mortality and absolutely requires evaluation and treatment at an ED. This is not to say EMTs and paramedics should talk patients out of going to EDs for evaluation. Rather, we will strive to give prehospital care providers a better understanding of the risks involved with acute hypertension so they can better work with their patients to find a solution that is safe, reasonable and responsible for everyone involved. This article discusses the topic of acute hypertension, hypertensive urgency and hypertensive emergencies in an effort to help EMS providers better understand these illnesses and help patients make the best decisions regarding their transport and care.
Authors:
Sharespike
| 3 | | R420.00 | |
| | Bee Sting and Anaphylaxis | Bee Sting and Anaphylaxis
Bee Sting and Anaphylaxis
Overview Hymenoptera stings account for more deaths in the United States than any other envenomation. The order Hymenoptera includes Apis species, ie, bees (European, African), vespids (wasps, yellow jackets, hornets), and ants. Most deaths result from immediate hypersensitivity reactions and anaphylaxis. Severe anaphylactoid reactions occur occasionally when toxins directly stimulate mast cells. In addition to immunologic mechanisms, some injury occurs from direct toxicity. While most stings cause only minor problems, stings cause a significant number of deaths.
Target organs are the skin, vascular system, and respiratory system. Pathology is like other immunoglobulin E (IgE)–mediated allergic reactions. Anaphylaxis is a common and life-threatening consequence of Hymenoptera stings and is typically a result of sudden systemic release of mast cells and basophil mediators. Urticaria, vasodilation, bronchospasm, laryngospasm, and angioedema are prominent symptoms of the reaction. Respiratory arrest may result in refractory cases
This study aims to discuss the different stings, prognosis and emergency reactions and treatment thereto.
Author Sharespike | 3 | | R410.00 | |
| | Pain Management through Neurocognitive Therapeutic Exercises in Hypermobile Ehlers–Danlos Syndrome Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain | Pain Management through Neurocognitive Therapeutic Exercises in Hypermobile Ehlers–Danlos Syndrome Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain
Pain Management through Neurocognitive Therapeutic Exercises in Hypermobile Ehlers–Danlos Syndrome Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain
Overview The hypermobile type of Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (hEDS) is likely the most common hereditary disorder of connective tissue mainly characterized by joint hypermobility. Patients with hEDS suffer joint pain, in particular low back pain, commonly resistant to drug therapy. The aim of this research was to evaluate a neurocognitive rehabilitation approach based not only on the motion and function recovery but also on the pain management. In this nonrandomized clinical trial, eighteen hEDS patients (4 males and 14 females) with mean age 21 years (range 13-55) were recruited and evaluated before and after three months of rehabilitation treatment. The clinical results observed in this study seem to confirm the role of a specific neurocognitive rehabilitation program in the chronic pain management in the Ehlers–Danlos syndrome; the rehabilitation treatment should be tailored on patient problems and focused not only in the recovery of movement but also on pain perception.
Authors Claudia Celletti, Teresa Paolucci , Loredana Maggi, Giordana Volpi, Mariangela Billi, Roberta Mollica,and Filippo Camerota
Journal Hindawi BioMed Research International | 3 | | R435.00 | |
| | Differences in Nonspecific Low Back Pain Between Young Adult Females with and without Lumbar Scoliosis | Differences in Nonspecific Low Back Pain Between Young Adult Females with and without Lumbar Scoliosis
Differences in Nonspecific Low Back Pain Between Young Adult Females with and without Lumbar Scoliosis
Overview There is no consensus as to whether NSLBP in scoliosis patients is related to scoliosis per se or is just a normal symptom that could happen in anyone. The aim of this study was to compare the differences in NSLBP between young adult female patients with and without lumbar scoliosis and to provide a theoretical basis for differential treatment of NSLBP in patients with and without lumbar scoliosis.
Ninety female young adults with NSLBP were divided into scoliosis and non-scoliosis groups. Characteristics of pain, lumbar mobility, muscle strength, Cobb angle, axial trunk rotation (ATR) angle, and surface electromyography (SEMG) signal were compared between the two groups. After the various results, it was concluded that the characteristics of NSLBP experienced by patients with lumbar scoliosis were distinct from those of NSLBP experienced by non-scoliotic patients. The treatment of NSLBP in scoliotic patients should be different from that in non-scoliotic patients.
Authors WangshuYuan1 JianxiongShen2 LixiaChen1 HaiWang2 Keyi Yu2 HuiCong1 Jingya Zhou3 and Youxi Lin2
Journal Hindawi Pain Research and Management
| 3 | | R435.00 | |
| | Dyspnea: Pathophysiology and a clinical approach - EMT | Dyspnea: Pathophysiology and a clinical approach - EMT
Dyspnea: Pathophysiology and a clinical approach - EMT
Overview
Dyspnea is defined as a subjective experience of breathing discomfort that consists of qualitatively distinct sensations that vary in intensity and may either be acute or chronic. This is a common and often distressing symptom reported by patients, and accounts for nearly half of hospital admissions.
The distinct sensations often reported by patients include effort/work of breathing, chest tightness, and air hunger (a feeling of not enough air on inspiration). Dyspnea should be assessed by the intensity of these sensations, the degree of distress involved, and its burden or impact on instrumental activities.
Dyspnea is a common and often distressing symptom and a frequent reason for general practitioner and clinic visits. Dyspnea is symptom, and its experience is subjective and varies greatly among individuals exposed to the same stimuli or with similar pathologies. This differential experience of Dyspnea among individuals emanates from interactions among multiple physiological, psychological, social, and environmental factors that induce secondary physiological and behavioural responses. The management of Dyspnea will depend on the underlying cause.
Author
Sharespike | 3 | | R420.00 | |
| | Hypertension Part 1 | Hypertension Part 1
Overview
Hypertension is a leading risk factor for cardiovascular disease and a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. For patients who are symptomatic, however, uncontrolled elevations in blood pressure are true medical emergencies that require rapid intervention in the ED. It is therefore important to understand the disease of chronic hypertension and, perhaps more important, episodes of acute and uncontrolled elevations in blood pressure so that we, as prehospital care providers, can better stratify these patients into low- and high-risk groups that may or may not require transport to an ED for evaluation and treatment.
As we will discuss, it is reasonable to say that not every patient who presents with hypertension is at high risk of morbidity and mortality and absolutely requires evaluation and treatment at an ED. This is not to say EMTs and paramedics should talk patients out of going to EDs for evaluation. Rather, we will strive to give prehospital care providers a better understanding of the risks involved with acute hypertension so they can better work with their patients to find a solution that is safe, reasonable and responsible for everyone involved. This article discusses the topic of acute hypertension, hypertensive urgency and hypertensive emergencies in an effort to help EMS providers better understand these illnesses and help patients make the best decisions regarding their transport and care.
Authors:
Sharespike
| 3 | | R420.00 | |
| | Adolescent knee pain: fracture or normal? A case report. | Adolescent knee pain: fracture or normal? A case report.
Adolescent knee pain: fracture or normal? A case report.
Overview
Knee injuries are the second to fourth most common injuries in youth soccer. In this population, sprains/strains, fractures and contusions are most common. Due to variations in the developing skeleton, it can be difficult to rule out fractures.
We present a case of a 13-year-old presenting to the emergency department (ED) with patellar pain after pivoting during a soccer game. After radiographic clearance, he was allowed to return to sport. Following another fall and ED visit, his full leg was casted. He presented to a chiropractor after cast removal, who made recommendations for progressive rehabilitation owing to the lack of evidence for fracture on radiographs.
We suggest a thorough history, physical and Ottawa knee rules to determine whether We suggest a thorough history, physical and Ottawa knee rules to determine whether radiographs are indicated in the management of a pediatric knee injury. Due to normal skeletal variance, we recommend bilateral radiographs and if findings are ambiguous, consultation with a radiologist to confirm clinical suspicions.
Authors: Melissa Corso and Scott Howitt
Journal: The Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association Volume 62 Issue 2 | 3 | | R465.00 | |